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Fundamentals of Cognitive
Psychology
Chapter 4
Memory Systems
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Basic Processes of Memory
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Encoding concerns perceiving, recognizing, and
further processing an object so that it can be
later remembered.
Storage refers to transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory.
Retrieval concerns searching long-term memory
and finding the event that has been stored and
retrieved.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sensory Memory
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Refers to brief persistence of stimuli following
transduction. Its function is to permit stimuli to
be perceived, recognized, and entered into
short-term memory.
Duration of 250 ms and large capacity.
Iconic vs. echoic sensory memory are similar but
estimates of echoic duration were distorted by
retrieval from short term memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Short- vs. Long-Term Stores:
Behavioral Dissociations
Serial position effect with primacy caused
by retrieval from rehearsed items stored in
long-term memory; recency benefits from
short-term store.
 Rapid presentation eliminates primacy but
preserves recency.
 Delayed recall eliminates recency but
preserves primacy.
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Short- vs. Long-Term Stores:
Neurological Dissociations
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Anterograde amnesia refers to difficulty in
remembering events that occur after the onset of
amnesia; disruption in transfer from short- to
long-term store.
Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of
memory of events that occurred prior to the
onset of the illness; disruption in long-term
storage or retrieval of past events.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Differences Among 3 Memory
Stores
Capacity—only short-term memory is
severely limited in capacity, namely, to 4
chunks.
 Duration—differences are an order of
magnitude or more among sensory (250
ms), short-term (20 s), and long-term (20
years or more).
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Similarities Among 3 Memory
Stores
Difficult to distinguish sensory and shortterm memory on the basis of coding.
 Short- as well as long-term stores use
semantic coding, although acousticarticulatory coding dominates short-term
memory as seen in the phonemic similarity
effect.
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Similarities among 3 Memory
Stores

Forgetting follows the same power
function regardless of whether the duration
is 20 s or 20 years.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Similarities among 3 Memory
Stores
Forgetting follows the same power
function regardless of whether the duration
is 20 s or 20 years.
 Retrieval may be serial and exhaustive in
short-term memory and parallel in longterm memory, but the evidence is mixed.
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Working Memory
Refers to the system for temporarily
maintaining mental representations that
are relevant to the performance of a
cognitive task in an activated state.
 Consists of executive attention plus
multiple short-term stores.
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Baddeley’s Multicomponent
Model of Working Memory
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Baddeley proposed a phonological loop and a
visual-spatial sketch pad coordinated by a
central executive.
The loop stores and rehearses verbal
representations whereas the sketch pad does
the same for visual/spatial representations.
Central executive focuses and switches
attention, supervises and coordinates the
storage components, and retrieves
representations from long-term memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Neurological Dissociations and
Working Memory
Case studies suggest (1) a semantic
component separate from the phonological
or verbal component, and (2) a spatial
store separate from a visual store.
 Neuroimaging confirms separate spatial,
visual, and verbal stores.
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Cowan’s Embedded Process
Model of Working Memory
Short-term memory is the currently active
subset of long-term memory. It is thus
embedded within memory.
 Accessibility of memory is greater in
working compared with long-term memory.
 Accessibility is greatest in the current
focus of attention (limited to 4 chunks).
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.