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Part 2: Cellular Respiration: Section 4.4 & 4.5 What’s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007 The energy needs of life What do we need energy for? synthesis building biomolecules reproduction movement active transport temperature regulation What do we need to make energy? The “Furnace” Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! mitochondria Fuel food carbohydrates, fats, proteins food The Helpers oxygen enzymes O2 ATP Mitochondria MITOCHONDRION Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Overview of cellular respiration High-energy electrons carried by NADH GLYCOLYSIS Glucose Cytoplasmic fluid Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration Equation: Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide Does this look familiar? Water Energy Cellular Respiration: Series of reactions in which cells break down stored energy in food to make chemical energy (ATP) for performing all life functions. Happens in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells. It starts with Glycolysis Breaking down glucose “glyco – lysis” (means splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 2x 3C 6C ancient pathway which harvests energy inefficient generates only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose occurs in cytoplasm of the cell In the cytoplasm? Why does that make evolutionary sense? After Glycolysis? The fate of Pyruvate NO O2 O2 present Anaerobic Fermentation happens (occurs in cytoplasm) Aerobic Respiration happens (occurs in a mitochondria) Yeast Alcohol Bacteria, Animal muscles Lactic Acid Krebs Cycle ETC If O2 is present, Aerobic Respiration occurs If is present in the cells, aerobic respiration will happen Aerobic Respiration: series of reactions that happen in the presence of oxygen, in a mitochondria, and produce LOTS of ATP Happens in 2 parts: Krebs cycle (aka: Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Krebs cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Occurs in mitochondrial matrix 8 step pathway each step catalyzed by specific enzyme Evolved later than glycolysis Hans Krebs 1900-1981 does that make evolutionary sense? bacteria 3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis) free O2 2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles mitochondria) Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers • NADH • FADH2 These go to Electron Transport Chain What’s so important about electron carriers? H+ H+ H+ H+ + H+ H H+ H+ ADP + Pi ATP H+ Overview of Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Chapter 4.6 What if oxygen is missing? Can’t complete aerobic respiration O2 Anaerobic respiration / Fermentation: Happens in the cytoplasm of the cell The pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down to either lactic acid (animals or bacteria) or alcohol and CO2 (yeast) This is done when organisms are low in oxygen Ex. Hibernating animals, people doing strenuous exercise, bacteria or yeast living in low oxygen environments. 2 Types of Fermentation alcohol fermentation Done by yeast glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol make beer, wine, bread lactic acid fermentation Done by bacteria, animals glucose ATP + lactic acid make yogurt Waste product in muscles during anaerobic exercise But both only make a little bit of ATP! O2 Alcohol Fermentation pyruvate ethanol + CO2 3C NADH 2C NAD+ Dead end process at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast can’t reverse the reaction Count the carbons! 1C bacteria yeast Lactic Acid Fermentation animals pyruvate lactic acid 3C NADH 3C NAD+ Reversible process once O2 is available, lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate by the liver Count the carbons! O2 Pyruvate is a branching point Pyruvate O2 O2 fermentation anaerobic respiration mitochondria Krebs cycle aerobic respiration Products of Fermentation Lactic Acid fermentation: cheese, yogurt (bacteria), Lactic Acid builds up in human muscles during strenuous extercise Alcoholic fermentation: beer, wine, & bread. Check this out! Cellular Respiration Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7gPtA Sv0SQ