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GENETIC ENGINEERING AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Regents Biology
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this unit students will be able to:
1. Define the terms Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
2. Describe the methods used by plant and animal breeders to improve their crops and animals,
including selective breeding, outbreeding and inbreeding.
3. Describe the cloning process.
4. Describe what recombinant DNA is.
5. State how the universality of the genetic code makes genetic engineering possible.
6. Explain the use of plasmids and restriction enzymes in the transferring of new genes into
bacteria.
7. List some ways in which genetic engineering and biotechnology has been used to benefit
people.
8. State the goal(s) of the Human Genome Project.
KEY WORDS
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3.
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6.
genetic engineering
biotechnology
recombinant DNA
restriction enzymes
cloning
gene
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selective breeding
inbreeding
outbreeding
plasmid
gene therapy
genome
I. INTRODUCTION
•Genetic engineering is the SCIENTIFIC ALTERATION OF
THE STRUCTURE OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN A LIVING
ORGANISM, more specifically, it is the technology of preparing
recombinant DNA in vitro (artificial environment outside of the
organism) by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together
fragments from more than one organism.
• Biotechnology is the APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TO THE LIFE
SCIENCES and includes genetic engineering. It includes the
use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological
substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or
manufacturing processes. Applications include the production
of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as
well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of
genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.
Timeline of Events – How did we get here?
•A LONG time ago, in 4000 B.C., Egyptian agriculturalists used
selective breeding to increase the production of various crops. But
we’ve come a long way since then…
II. BREEDING
By selecting the most productive plants or animals to produce the next generation,
people have found that the productivity of a domesticated species can gradually
increase. Here’s some ways that plants and animals are bred:
1. SELECTION – CHOOSING OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS WITH THE MOST
DESIRABLE TRAITS FOR MATING (aka – SELECTIVE BREEDING)
2. INBREEDING - MATING OF GENTICALLY CLOSE INDIVIDUALS TO OBTAIN
DESIRED RESULTS (BROTHER/SISTER, MOTHER/SON, FATHER/DAUGHTER,
etc.)
•Increases the number of homozygous genes due to less genetic variation
•May bring out unwanted effects
3. OUTBREEDING –
MATING OF INDIVIDUALS NOT CLOSELY RELATED
•Brings new beneficial alleles
•“Hybrid vigor” = hybrid offspring are superior to the parents (ex. mule)
III. CLONING
•CLONE = GROUP OF ORGANISMS WITH THE
SAME GENES
•Technically, it is a type of ASEXUAL reproduction
•The purpose of cloning is to PRODUCE LARGE
NUMBERS OF IDENTICAL ORGANISMS FOR
RESEARCH
•Problems with cloning:
SPONTANEOUS GENETIC CHANGES
(MUTATIONS) IN CLONES
ETHICAL ISSUES
•Here’s how it’s done:
IV. GENE SPLICING
•Altered (changed) DNA is called RECOMBINANT DNA
•Main goals of genetic engineering:
•CORRECT GENETIC DEFECTS
•PRODUCE DESIRED PROPERTIES (PLANTS AND
ANIMALS)
A. PLASMIDS
•Plasmids are SEGMENTS OF DNA IN THE SHAPE OF RINGS
FOUND IN BACTERIA; SEPARATE FROM CHROMOSOMES
•Steps to Gene Splicing:
•Identify the location of the desired gene in the human DNA.
(The Human Genome Project has made EXTENSIVE progress
here!)
•CUT the DNA containing the desired gene to be spliced into small
pieces using RESTRICTION ENZYMES
•INSERT the gene into a small ring of bacterial DNA called a
PLASMID found in Escherichia coli (E. coli).
•REPLICATE the organism (bacteria) containing the desired gene.
Now we have our
RECOMBINANT DNA!
•An illustration of how this is done to human DNA using restriction enzymes:
• Dangers of genetic engineering:
1. POSSIBLE NEW DISEASES
2. UNCONTROLLABLE SPREADING
3. ETHICAL ISSUES
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)
• The goal of the HGP is to SEQUENCE AND MAP ALL OF THE
GENES OF THE HUMAN (ALL OF THE GENES ARE KNOWN AS
THE HUMAN GENOME)
• The HGP was Set up in 1989 and finished sequencing the human
genome in 2003, two years ahead of schedule!
• Let’s discuss some pros and cons of the HGP:
PROS
• DIAGNOSIS AND
PREDICTION OF DISEASES
(For example, breast cancer
was found to be linked to
chromosome 17)
• INSIGHTS INTO BASIC
BIOLOGY
• DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
DRUG THERAPIES AND
TECHNOLOGIES
CONS
• GENETIC DISCRIMINATION
• WHOSE DNA IS IT
ANYWAY?
• REPRODUCTIVE DECISION
MAKING