Download Mutations_-_Genetic_Engineering_

CH 12-4:
Mutations
Indicator 3.3.4
Students will learn the effects of DNA alteration in
order to understand how they can be beneficial
or harmful to the individual, society, and/or
environment
Mutation – any change in a gene or
chromosome
Gene Mutation
May happen when:
 DNA is copied (during
DNA Replication)
 RNA is made (during
Transcription)
Chromosome Mutation
May happen when:
 Chromosomes tangle and
fail to separate during
meiosis causing egg or
sperm cells to have too
many or too few
chromosomes
 These mutations
Gene Mutations
The wrong base might be
added, and extra base
might be added, a base
may be removed
Substitution
Insertion
can cause the cell to
make the wrong
protein or a
defective protein
 The wrong protein
can change the
organism’s physical
appearance or
traits
Deletion
Variation Within a Species
 Mutations are a source of variation within a species
 Some mutations may be beneficial.
 A new protein may be produced that helps an organism
survive in a different environment or a changing
environment
 Some mutations may be harmful.
 Sickle Cell Anemia
 Alzheimer’s Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
 Disorder that affects
the shape of red
blood cells
 A protein called

Normal red blood
cells are round
and flexible &
transport oxygen
freely through
narrow blood
vessels

A Benefit:
Persons afflicted
with sickle cell
anemia are
immune to
malaria. A
benefit in areas
where malaria is
prevalent.
hemoglobin does not
form properly
causing red blood
cells to be rigid and
concave
 Cells get stuck in the
blood vessels & are
unable to transport
oxygen effectively,
causing pain and
damage to the
organs
Cystic Fibrosis
 Disorder that affects the
respiratory & digestive
systems
 Protein produced by this
gene normally helps salt
(NaCl) move in and out of
cells
 Defective protein blocks the
movement of salt & an
abnormally thick sticky
mucous is produced on the
outside of the cell
 Lung cells are seriously
affected by this due to
mucous clogging the
airways in the lungs, thus
increasing the risk of
infection by bacteria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
 PKU is caused by a
mutation in a gene
that codes for a
protein found in the
liver that breaks down
the amino acid
phenylalanine into other
products the body
needs
 Mutated gene causes a
phenylalanine build up
in the blood and
poisons nerve cells
(neurons) in the brain
Alzheimer’s
Disease
 Causes dementia (loss of brain function, dealing
w/memory, thought, & language)
 Caused by a malfunctioning protein that causes
tangling of microtubules which ultimately damage
healthy cells around them
CH 13-2, 13-3:
Genetic
Engineering
Students will learn how scientists manipulate
DNA in order to understand how organisms with
more desirable traits may be produced
Genetic Engineering
 New technology used to alter
genetic instructions of organisms
to have more desirable traits
 In recent years, DNA of plants &
animals have been manipulated to
produce organisms with beneficial
traits

i.e. plants manipulated
to make chemicals that
kill the insects that feed
on them; bacteria engineered
to be used to clean up oil
spills or produce human growth
hormone
CH 13: Genetic Engineering (pp.318-333)
Gene Splicing
 Genes from one organism are put into the
DNA of another organism.

Technique used to create bacteria that can
make human proteins

i.e. – The human insulin gene is put into
bacterial cells. The cells make insulin. The
insulin is collected to treat diabetes.

The bacterial DNA that contains the human
insulin gene is an example of Recombinant
DNA – DNA produced by combining DNA
from two different sources
 Click to View Another Animation of Gene
Transfer using Recombinant DNA

Select Animations & Images, then
Creation of a Recombinant DNA
Making Recombinant DNA
Recombinant
DNA
Gene for human
growth hormone
Gene for human
growth hormone
Human Cell
Sticky
ends
DNA
recombination
DNA
insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
Bacterial cell for
containing gene for
human growth hormone
 Restriction Enzymes – work like scissors by cutting long DNA
molecules at different locations from a human cell and a circular piece
of DNA (a plasmid) from a bacterial cell
 The cut segment is transferred to the new organism
 The new organism’s cell makes the same protein product
Cloning
 Method of developing organisms with more desirable
traits
 Clone – an organism that has exactly the same
genes as the organism from which it was
produced
 Vegetative Reproduction is an example of cloning
plants
 Scientists have cloned 11 different animals, including
sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and horses. Cloning
animals is more difficult than cloning plants
How Is Cloning Done?
 Involves removing
chromosomes from an
animal’s egg cell and
replacing them with
chromosomes taken from a
body cell belonging to
a different adult animal
 When the egg cells starts
dividing into an embryo, it
is put into a surrogate
mother (doesn’t have to
be the same animal that
provided the chromosomes)
 The surrogate just provides
the womb for the clone to
develop
Dewey, 1st
deer clone
Problems Associated
with Cloning
 Resemble animals born prematurely
 Lungs aren’t fully developed
 Hearts don’t quite work right
 Livers full of fat
 Grow hugely overweight
and bloated
 Die at an earlier age than
normal
Dolly, 1st
cloned
sheep
Applications of Biotechnology
 New technology
and methods
enable us to
locate and
determine base
sequences of
genes that cause
disease to
possibly alter the
affected cells
 New technology
may lead to
genetically
engineered
organisms with
more favorable
traits (i.e.
genetically
modified foods)
DNA
Fingerprinting

 A DNA fingerprint is
constructed by:
 Extracting a DNA Sample
from body tissue or fluid
such as hair, blood, or saliva
 The sample is segmented
using restriction enzymes
 The segments are arranged
by size using a process
called electrophoresis
Can be used for:
 Determining paternity
 Identifying suspects of a
crime
 To clear someone of a crime
Gel Electrophoresis
 Procedure used to
separate and analyze
DNA fragments
 Helps scientists
determine the gene
composition of different
organisms
 Helps identify particular
genes out of thousands
in an indiv. genome
 Helps establish paternity
 Helps determine a
suspect in a crime
How Does it Work?
Go to www.phschool.com
to find out.
Active Art webcode
cbp-4132
Running a Gel Electrophoresis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
DNA is cut into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes.
DNA fragments are placed in wells found on the gel.
A ladder marker may be added to a well to approximate the size of DNA
fragments.
The DNA fragments will run in lanes when an electric voltage is
applied.
DNA molecules have a negative (-) charge and will move toward the
positive (+) end of the gel when the power is turned on.
The smaller the DNA fragment, the faster and farther it moves.
Gel Electrophoresis
Set-up
DNA analysis
from twins
(A and B)
Examples of DNA
profile after running
thru gel
electrophoresis
Who Did It????
The Scenario
Someone broke into the
guidance office and
attempted to tamper with
students’ grades before
the issuance of progress
reports. Apparently, the
culprit cut themself on
glass from the broken
door. Five students were
caught on camera after
school hours near the
office. Your task is
to analyze the
DNA fingerprint to
the left to
determine which
student should
be expelled.
Closure
1.
What may happen when chromosomes do not
separate correctly during meiosis. (p.C-45, #72)
a.
b.
c.
2.
Which is an example of a clone? (p.C-47, #75)
a.
b.
c.
3.
An extra base is added to DNA.
The wrong base is added to DNA.
A cell might have too many chromosomes
Corn grown from seeds
A plant grown from the stem of a cut plant
Kittens that look different from the mother
Scientists transfer genes from one organism into the
DNA of another organism in ________________.
The Use of Restriction Enzymes
My twin sister Sherry, older brother Larry, and I
all went to the shopping mall to purchase a
gift for our mother and new baby brother
Harry.
Half the class will: Cut the sentence using a restriction
enzyme that cuts between “rr.”
The other half of the class will: Cut the sentence using
a restriction enzyme that cuts between “he.”