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CH11 pg217 Role of Gene Expression • DNA on several chromosomes – Only some of these genes are expressed at any given time • Activation of a gene that results in transcription and the production of mRNA. Chapter 11 Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Gene Expression in Eukaryotes • Structure of a Eukaryotic Gene – Eukaryotic genes are organized into; – noncoding sections, introns, – coding sections, exons • Mitosis and Meiosis (Interphase) – Promotor (introns and exons) • Introns are areas that at transcribed only • Exons are transcribed and translated Chapter 11 Control of Gene Expression • Research still being done about the presence of introns and exons – Believe to regulate translation of RNA – Act as a switch Chapter 11 Control of Gene Expression Removal of Introns After Transcription Chapter 11 Control of Gene Expression • Control at the Onset of Transcription – Gene expression can be controlled through regulatory proteins known as transcription factors. • Dictate placement of RNA polymerase • Enhancers Chapter 11 Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Controlling Transcription in Eukaryotes CH11 pg 225 Developmental Genes • Homeotic Genes – Genes that determine where anatomical structures will be placed during development. – For example, appendages – A specific DNA sequence known as the homeobox regulates patterns of development. – The homeoboxes of many eukaryotic organisms appear to be very similar. CH12 pg 235 Chromosomes and Inheritance Chromosomes • Genes reside on chromosomes. • Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes – Sex chromosomes determine an organism’s sex (gender). – Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called autosomes. • Pg 235 – 238 Discusses other influences on traits that we have covered, please review Chapter 12 Mutations • Germ-cell mutations occur in gametes and can be passed on to offspring. • Somatic-cell mutations occur in body cells and affect only the individual organism. Chapter 12 Section 1 Chromosomes and Inheritance Mutations, continued • Chromosome Mutations – Chromosome mutations are changes in the structure of a chromosome or the loss or gain of an entire chromosome. Chapter 12 Section 1 Chromosomes and Inheritance Chromosomal Mutations Chapter 12 Section 1 Chromosomes and Inheritance Mutations, continued • Gene Mutations – Gene mutations are changes in one or more of the nucleotides in a gene. Chapter 12 Gene Mutations Section 1 Chromosomes and Inheritance Chapter 12 Section 2 Human Genetics Inheritance of Traits • Pedigrees – Geneticists use pedigrees to trace diseases or traits through families. – Pedigrees are diagrams that reveal inheritance patterns of genes. Chapter 12 Pedigree for Cystic Fibrosis Chapter 12 Some Important Genetic Disorders Human Genetics Chapter 12 Section 2 Human Genetics Detecting Genetic Disease • Genetic screening examines a person’s genetic makeup and potential risks of passing disorders to offspring. • Amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling help physicians test a fetus for the presence of genetic disorders. Chapter 12 Section 2 Human Genetics Detecting Genetic Disease, continued • Genetic Counseling – Genetic counseling informs screened individuals about problems that might affect their offspring. Chapter 12 Section 2 Human Genetics Treating Genetic Disease • Genetic disorders are treated in various ways. • Among the treatments are symptom-relieving treatments and symptom-prevention measures, such as insulin injections for diabetes. Chapter 12 Section 2 Human Genetics Treating Genetic Disease, continued • Gene Therapy – In gene therapy, a defective gene is replaced with a copy of a healthy gene. – Somatic cell gene therapy alters only body cells. – Germ cell gene therapy attempts to alter eggs or sperm.