Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cell Mutations
Document related concepts
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Skewed X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Saethre–Chotzen syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Mutations What is a mutation? Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information • Normal: Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. • Translation changed in ribosome: t hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg ish at. • Missing letter or base: the sun wsh otb utt heo ldm and idn otg ish at. Genetic mutations Not all are harmful Most cause little/no change Have to be reproductive cell mutations to repeat in future generations Somatic mutations not inheritable How do mutations happen? Environmental agents • UV light, chemicals, radiation Meiosis • more/less chromosomes Mistakes in DNA replication What happens when there is a mutation? The mistake can cause the cell to make an incorrect protein • see a different phenotype than normal ex. White Buffalo If the mutation occurs in a single type of cell, • it will affect only the cell that carries it ex. Skin cells If the mutation occurs in a sex cell, • it can be passed to the offspring and affect their phenotype Mutations can introduce genetic variation • the change can be helpful, harmful or neither Where do they happen? Gene Mutations • replication • transcription • translation Chromosome Structural Changes • Mitosis • Meiosis Gene Mutations Point Mutations • involve one nucleotide • single point in a DNA sequence Substitute one base for another Gene Mutations Frameshift • • • • insertion or deletion of a base shifts entire sequence for translation different group of amino acids changes the protein function Chromosome Structural Changes Deletion - loss of all or part of chromosome - missing genes may prove fatal Duplication - segment repeated - usually harmless Chromosome Structural Changes Inversion - connection broken & sequence reversed - may be fatal Translocation - non-homologous chromosomes sharing or exchanging information
