* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Maurice Wilkins wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nature vs. Nurture? DNA We know traits are inherited but how are they inherited? Chargaff’s Rule Chargaff’s Rule X-ray Evidence • 1952 Rosalind Franklin took an x-ray diffraction to take picture of DNA shape • Picture gave clues to structure of DNA Watson & Crick • Watson & Crick made a model of DNA structure • Won Nobel Prize Watson and Crick’s model of DNA was a double helix The Components & Structure of DNA Nucleotide 1. 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base i. Adenine ii. Thymine iii. Guanine iv. Cytosine Nucleotides are monomers! • Nucleotides are linked in a strand • The sides of the “ladder” are phosphates and the sugar deoxyribose - Sugar & phosphate form backbone - The bases form the “steps” of ladder, held together by Hydrogen bonds • C-G = 3 hydrogen bonds • A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds How is DNA Packaged? • DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones forming beads • These beads pack together, forming nucleosomes. • These coil to make chromatin • When the chromatin (stringy DNA) coils it make a chromosome DNA Replication • Think about DNA’s structure • Perfect for use of replication! • Each original side is a Template Parent Strand Or Template Daughter strand Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a process called replication. • This makes sure each cell will have a complete set of DNA How is it done?! 1. DNA is unwound 2. DNA helicase enzyme unzips the weak hydrogen bonds between base pairs 3. DNA polymerase enzyme matches up nucleotides to complement the other side 4. Strands checked for error “Semi-conservative”- why? Replicate your own DNA • 1. Take piece of paper and fold is vertically • NOW REPLICATE Label 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Template/ Parent Strand Hydrogen Bonds Complementary Base Pairing DNA Helicase DNA Polymerase Daughter Strands Central Dogma • DNA RNA Protein • DNA gives the instructions for RNA which gives the instructions to make proteins Central Dogma What is a gene? • Part of the DNA (letters/bases) that code for a particular protein Genotype vs. Phenotype • Genotype, genetic makeup, is the sequence of bases in the DNA • Phenotype, traits, due to proteins Proteins we learned! Structural • Keratin ( hair, skin and nails ) • Muscles Reactions • Enzymes (lactase) Signal • Insulin, human growth hormone Hemoglobin- carriers oxygen in your red blood cells RNA vs DNA • • • • RNA Ribonucleic Acid Ribose Sugar A,C,G,U – U = Uracil • Single Stranded Transcription 1. RNA copies the message from DNA Called messenger RNA ( mRNA) 2. Complementary base pair ( NO T!! In RNA) 3. Only copies a gene of the DNA 4. mRNA Leaves the Nucleus Transcription • Enzyme that build RNA strand • RNA polymerase RNA Splicing Introns stay in the nucleus Exons join (splice) together and exit – final mRNA Translation mRNA to Protein 1. mRNA goes to the Ribosome – Each 3 letters of the mRNA is called a codon 2. Each mRNA codon bonds to a tRNA (transfer RNA) anticodon – Complementary Base paring rules 3. tRNA carries the amino acid which builds the polypeptide (protein) 4. Begins with mRNA start codon AUG and ends with mRNA STOP Codon Introduction Worksheet • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begi n/dna/transcribe/ • Transcribe and Translate a Gene SHOW REAL TIME • Great Simple Video!! Mutations http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/17-sicklecell.html 1 base change in 438-base sequence. Change in DNA, change in RNA, change in Amino Acid Hemoglobin protein does not work properly to carry oxygen. Tay Sachs Cracking the Code:17:00-20:00 Inherited genetic mutation • Mutation in a gene that codes for an enzyme protein that breaks down fatty acids in the brain Mutation • Change in the nucleotide Sequence ( letters/bases) of a gene 1. Base Substitution (can be bad or silent) 2. Base Addition/ Deletion- worse - Frameshift mutation= alter group of 3 Affects the function of the PROTEIN ADDITION • THE CAT ATE THE RAT • THE ACA TAT ETH ERA T Mutagens cause Mutations • Xray, UV light, smoking chemicals, pesticides • Sometimes GOOD? How so? Example of Inherited DNA Mutations: Diseases Mutations