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B1-L1, How do we vary? LO: What makes us all different? What are genes and what do they do? Look at the person next to you. Name 5 things that are different about you Now sort them into two boxes Things we got or inherited from our parents Things that happened as we grew up or are changed by the environment Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? Inherited or environmental variation? OK: so how do you Inherit features? See if you can explain the following facts: 1. 50% of what makes ‘you’ comes from your dad 2. There is 50% chance of a child being male or female 3. A child with one brown haired parent is more likely to have brown hair than blond 4. We may be able to choose what our children look like in the future. People are all very similar but still unique. How does this happen? All the information to make this baby came from his parents. Information from each parent is carried in their sex cells. All the information to develop a human being has to fit inside the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell. Copy me: • There are about 30 000 pieces of information in the nucleus. • Each piece of information is called a gene. And it tells the body how to make proteins • Genes are joined up in chains called chromosomes. Each chromosome in the nucleus contains thousands of genes. • Inside a cell • These are all the chromosomes from one human cell. • 99.9% of the information in any fertilized egg is the same. • Only 0.1% of the information they carry makes this person unique. Most features are controlled by several genes and are also affected by the environment, e.g. height. Hair colour. True of False • Chromosomes are found in the nucleus. • Sperm and egg cells have the same amount of information as other body cells. • When we are adults our cells stop dividing. • Everyone in this room in unique. • Genes are joined up into chains called chromosomes. • The environment we grow up in causes variation. • Our genetic information causes variation. • Only the environment and genetics causes variation. 1 in 25 people carry the faulty gene that causes cystic fibrosis. B1-L2, How do we vary? LO: To know how sex cells are made and the numbers of chromosomes involved. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name one inherited variation you have? Name one environmental variation you have? What p_____ is made by the instructions on our genes? Why are we different from each other? Chromosome Match up the following letters and words: Gene Nucleus A B C • Sometimes genes are faulty. • How many people in this photograph do you think have no faulty genes? • None? • We all have some faulty genes. A small number of faulty genes cause diseases. This person has cystic fibrosis. • Cystic fibrosis is the most common inherited disease in the UK. • It affects 1 in every 2500 people. Growth vs. Gametes Mitosis – Growth (asexual reproduction) Meiosis – Gametes (sex cells) 50% of what makes ‘you’ comes from each parent 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes In a woman each pair splits giving an egg cell In an man each pair splits giving a sperm cell Male body cell 46 Chromosomes Sperm cell 23 Chromosomes Baby cell 46 Chromosomes 50% Mum and 50% Dad Female body cell 46 Chromosomes Egg cell 23 Chromosomes It’s true, Boys do have a little ‘y’ chromosome. Practice Exam Questions • For your progress folders • EXAM CONDITIONS B1-L3, Dominant and recessive LO: To know how pairs of genes control features 1. chromosomes in a human body cell 2. pair of chromosomes which controls what sex a person is 3. pair of sex chromosomes a woman has 4. pair of sex chromosomes a man has 5. chromosomes in a egg or sperm cell 23 46 XY 23rd XX ALLELES Dominant and Recessive Dragons Help! Only two dragons in the world are left. What might their children be like?? These things all depend on the combination of genes alleles Breaths fire? How many toes? Tail spikes? Colour? L D l d L D l d Blue are daddy dragon genes and Yellow are mummy dragon genes. e t q E T Q e t q E T Q M A m a M A m a Plenary – write a definition for these words • • • • • • • Chromosome Gene Alleles Dominant Reccesive Genotype Phenotype B1-L4, Punnett squares and Variation LO: To know how pairs of genes control features BB = Brown eyes and B is dominant bb = Blue eyes Complete these squares to show all the combinations of alleles MUM = Brown eyes b b B B Dad = Brown eyes Dad = Blue eyes B MUM = Brown eyes B b b Eye colour In eye colour the brown eye allele is dominant, so we call it B, and the blue eye is recessive, so we call it b: BB Bb bb Homozygous brown-eyed parent Heterozygous brown-eyed parent Blue-eyed parent What would the offspring have? Another method Example 1: A Homozygous brown-eyed father and a blue-eyed mother: Father B B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb Mother All offspring have brown eyes Another method Example 2: Two heterozygous brown-eyed parents: Father B b B BB Bb b Bb bb Mother 25% chance of blue eyes Another method Example 3: A heterozygous brown-eyed father and a blue-eyed mother: Father B b b Bb bb b Bb bb Mother GENETIC CROSSES The inheritance of dimples • A person with the genes DD will have dimples. • A person with the genes dd will not have dimples. • A person with the genes Dd will have dimples. The inheritance of dimples • In a person with the genes Dd only the effect of gene D shows. • The effect of gene D dominates the effect of gene d. • Gene D is dominant to gene d. • Gene d is recessive to gene D. D is the gene for dimples d is the gene for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples DD d is the gene for no dimples dd Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples Gametes DD d is the gene for no dimples dd Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D D Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D D d d each ovum has a gene for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples At fertilization There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum D D d d each ovum has a gene for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D d D At fertilization There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum D D d each ovum has a gene for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D d D At fertilization There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum D D d each ovum has a gene for no dimples D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D d D d each ovum has a gene for no dimples At fertilization There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum d D D d D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D d D each ovum has a gene for no dimples d At fertilization There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum d D D Dd Dd d Dd Dd D is the gene for dimples Parents Body cell in father with a pair of genes for dimples d is the gene for no dimples DD Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for no dimples dd Gametes each sperm has a gene for dimples D d D each ovum has a gene for no dimples d At fertilization There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum d D D Dd Dd d Dd Dd All the children of this generation have genotype Dd and phenotype - dimples Parents father with dimples What would happen in this example? Gametes At fertilization Dd Dd mother with dimples Answer: Parents father with dimples Dd mother with dimples Dd Gametes D D d d D At fertilization D d DD Dd d Dd dd A child who inherits the genes DD will have dimples A child who inherits the genes Dd will have dimples A child who inherits the genes dd will not have dimples In this generation the ratio of dimpled children to non-dimpled will be 3 to 1 DANGLY ATTACHED Continuous and Discrete variation? • Helpful videos – • • • • Huntingtons 1 2 3 4 Produce a poster about • • • • Huntingtons pg 12 Cystic fibrosis pg 16 and 17 Jan – pg 19 Rhys and SCID – pg 29 B1-L5, genetic diseases LO: To know how disease can be inherited True or false?? 1. Xx is female 2. BB is brown eyes 3. Bb is blue eyes 4. There are 23 chromosomes in a body cell 5. Chromosomes are part of a gene 6. Alleles are types of gene 7. Dd + Dd means a 50% chance of DD 8. Testosterone is a hormone that decides if you will be a boy write a definition for these words • Genotype • Phenotype what are proteins used for??? Genetic diseases • Can anyone name a genetic disease? Trait Chromosome for Gene Location Genotype Recessive or dominant skin cancer 1 Cc or CC D cystic fibrosis 7 qq R albinism 11 aa R Breast cancer 17 Nn or NN D Mm or MM (girls only) D Hh or HH D Muscular Dystrophy X sex chromoso me Huntingtons 4 Down’s Syndrome Extra copy of 21 HUNTINGTON’S DISORDER 1. Huntingtons disease is a dominant one. 2. Do 4 genetic crosses to determine the chance of these couples having children with Huntington’s disorder: a. Hh x hh b. HH x hh c. HH x Hh d. Hh x Hh CYSTIC FIBROSIS 1. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive one. 2. Do 3 genetic crosses to determine the chance of these couples having children with Cystic fibrosis: a. Ff x ff b. Ff x Ff c. FF x Ff • Cystic fibrosis 1 • 2 • 3 WS Huntington’s and Cystic fibrosis Now what?? • You know you both carry the recessive gene? • What would you do?? Genetic testing It is now possible to test individuals before they are born for any faulty alleles. There are two main methods: 1) Amniocentesis testing: - Done at 14-16 weeks - 0.5% chance of miscarriage (5 in 1000) - Small chance of infection Genetic testing It is now possible to test individuals before they are born for any faulty alleles. There are two main methods: 2) Maternal serum screening: - Blood test of mother - 0% chance of miscarriage - Does not give precise results -High or Low risk of having a poorly baby . . . DIFFERENT IDEAS ABOUT GENETIC SCREENING FOR CYSTIC FIBROSIS Read pages 22-23 to find out what genetic screening is. Which opinion do you agree with? It is very dangerous. People should not have to worry about this information. There’s nothing wrong in having an ill child. What if my husband and I both had the faulty allele? Would we have children? We should give people all the information we can about their health. Then they can make an informed decision. I want to choose my medical treatment – not have any forced on me! For some causes of infertility, IVF provides a wonderful opportunity The financial and emotional conflicts that arise out of IVF can put huge strains on a relationship Any society where people can afford IVF will be one where overpopulation will not… • Exam question! You can have IVF treatment to make sure your next baby doesn’t have cystic fibrosis What should we do, Doctor? Decision 1 How do you make an ethical decision? Imagine you are one of the Simpletons. You have been asked about IVF. How will you respond? My approach to ethical dilemmas: Weigh up the benefits and costs and choose the option that makes most people happy. This is the ‘utilitarian approach’ My approach to ethical decisions: Before I do anything, I make sure it does not violate other people’s rights. This is rights-based thinking My approach to ethical decisions: Be caring and compassionate about people and relationships. This is care-based thinking My approach to ethical decisions: I simply choose the option that turns out best for me. This is self-centred thinking What must I decide about? Who is affected? What are the benefits (pros) of doing this? What are the problems (cons) of doing this? Utilitarian Conclusion My approach to ethical decisions: Weigh up the benefits and costs and choose the option that makes most people happy. What must I decide about? Who is affected? What rights do we want to protect? (e.g. choice, freedom, life) Will the decision violate (go against) any rights? How? Rights-based Conclusion My approach to ethical decisions: Before I do anything, I make sure it does not violate other people’s rights. What must I decide about? Who is affected? How will doing this make their life better? How will doing this make their life worse? Care-based Conclusion My approach to ethical decisions: Be caring and compassionate about people and relationships. What must I decide about? Who is affected? Is this a good thing for me or a bad thing for me? How important is this to me? Self-centred Conclusion My approach to ethical decisions: Simply choose the option that turns out best for me. Exam question starter CAN YOU CHOOSE YOUR CHILD? Define the following words: 1. embryo 2. implantation 3. in vitro fertilisation 4. pre-implantation genetic diagnosis GENE THERAPY Read page 28-29 : Questions 1-5 And write the definitions for the following words Gene therapy Genetic modification GENE THERAPY Gene therapy – a treatment where a normal gene is put into cells of someone with a genetic disorder. Genetic modification – the changing of an organism’s genes. In gene therapy this is by the addition of normal genes. How many things could you use a clone for? Asexual reproduction in cells Each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes and genetic information as the parent. Natural clones How to clone A plant An animal Cloning Animals Host mother Clone • Should we try to develop cloning technology? • Should we change faulty genes? (gene therapy, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, genetic modification) • How can we go about making this type of decision? Stem cell research Stem cells are cells that have not yet specialised: These stem cells have the potential to develop into any kind of cell. The rest of the embryo is destroyed. Most of these embryos come from unused IVF treatments. Embryo Egg and sperm Cloned embryos The ethical issue: Should these embryos be treated as humans? Making decisions Some questions cannot be answered by science and need to be considered on ethical grounds. Factors that might influence a decision: • Beliefs/religion • What does “the right thing” mean? • “Playing God” • Risks – acceptable or unacceptable? • Social and economic contexts Draw a cartoon to show the cloning process. include science diagrams too! Fill in the G A P S Clones of ________ can occur when an embryo splits up naturally. Embryonic ________ cells are _____________ cells that can grow into any type of cell. These cells can be grown from ________ left over from ________ treatments. Embryonic stem cells may be useful in the future for treating _________. animals embryos illnesses IVF stem unspecialised should we be able to clone embryos? Cloning with cuttings To do Fill a small pot with compost. Cut the stem about 10 cm from the tip. Cut just below a leaf at an angle. Don’t cut straight across. Take off the leaves at the bottom of your cutting. Dip the cut end in rooting powder if you have some. Put the cutting in your compost. Push it in gently until the compost is just below the bottom leaf. Label your pot with your name and the date. Put a plastic bag loosely over your plant. In a few weeks your plants will have grown roots.