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Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.org
OnCampus Live
BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190
OnLine BCH 190
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
A Public Access College Course
The University of Rhode Island
Issues in Biotechnology:
Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert Kausch
Kimberly Nelson
BCH 190
Section I. The Mechanics of DNA: What is Life
Section II. The Applications of Biotechnology
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
A Public Access College Course
The University of Rhode Islandlife edu.org
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.org
The Mechanics of DNA: What is Life?
3.Atoms, Cells and Flow of Life
4. Some Techniques in Biotechnology
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
The University of Rhode Island
The Flow of Life & The Techniques in Biotechnology
Lectures 3&4
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.org
The Mechanics of DNA: What is Life?
4. Some Techniques in Biotechnology
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
The University of Rhode Island
The Techniques in Biotechnology
Lecture 4
Proteins Are Used to Copy DNA
DNA does not replicate spontaneously, but is
facilitated by a group of proteins.
Interestingly, each of these proteins is coded
for in DNA they also replicate.
Enzymes were discovered that cut DNA
at specific sequences
And subsequently,
enzymes were discovered
that paste DNA together.
The ability to cut and
paste DNA
allowed gene cloning.
Plasmids are circular pieces
of DNA found in some bacteria
Many copies per cell
Antibiotic resistance gene
Plasmids can be cut and
pasted back together
Foreign genes can be
inserted
How is a gene cloned?
Foreign DNA (gene)
is inserted into a plasmid
that has a gene for
antibiotic resistance
The plasmid is introduced into
a bacterial cell and grown on
the antibiotic
Only bacteria with the plasmid
grow…the inserted gene is
copied many times.
Gene Construction
Promoter
Coding Sequence
Terminator
Protein coding sequence
Cell specificity
Developmental specificity
Start transcription
Stop transcription
Message stability
Gene constructs can be moved into plants and the gene is expressed
driven by the promoter sequence
It is now possible to clone
any gene from any
organism and move it
into any other organism
Tools and Techniques
used in Biotechnology
The ultracentrifuge
is a centrifuge optimized for
spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating
acceleration as high as 2,000,000 G (approx 19 600 km/s²).
Ultracentrifuges find important uses in molecular biology,
biochemistry and polymer science, including separation of cellular
structures and molecules
Tools of the Trade
The eppendorf tube
and the pipetman
are the standard stock
and trade in the daily
work of a molecular
biologist
Innovative technologies
become biotech products
“Eppendorf tubes
And Pipetteman
For the Gold Rush”
A child came to me and said ‘What is the grass?’
fetching it to me
with full hands;
how could I answer the child?
I do not know what it is any more than he.
Whitman
20. A Pipetman is:
(A) the new biomedical device made by tissue
engineering and now used to treat the damaged blood
vessels of heart attack victims
(B) a radical group of bioengineered superheroes in the
Hollywood movie GATTACCA
(C) a molecular biology tool used in the lab to measure
small volumes of liquid common in biotechnology
(D) a new type of bio-engineered crop plants that are
drought tolerant
(E) a new surgical tool used in to extract cancer cells
21. An ultracentrifuge consists of a rotor
that spins tubes containing materials and
is:
(A) a component on a new type of microscope to allow
cell components to be easily visualized
(B) the laboratory tool developed by Robert Hooke in
the 1660s that he used to discover cells
(C) a tool used by cell biologists for separating and
comparing cell components based on size and density
(D) a component on the recent Rover Mars mission used
to look for life on other planets
(E) used only to enrich uranium for nuclear warheads
22. Cloning a gene
(A) is a method that has been banned in Europe but widely
used in the US
(B) is a method used to copy a specific segment of DNA
(C) is a method used to reproduce an entire new organism
from a donor cell, like
(D) is a science fiction idea that has not yet been
accomplished or proven
(E) is a good idea in theory, but has not yet been
accomplished
23. The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its
nucleus must contain:
(A) 6 neutrons and 6 protons.
(B) 3 protons and 3 neutrons.
(C) 6 neutrons and no electrons.
(D) 6 protons and no electrons.
(E) 6 protons and 6 electrons
24. A covalent bond is formed when:
(A) two non-polar molecules associate with each other in a
polar environment.
(B) a positively charged particle is attracted to a negatively
charged particle.
(C) one atom gives up electrons to another atom.
(D) two atoms share electrons.
(E) two polar molecules associate with each other in a nonpolar environment.
25. Enzymes are usually:
(A) proteins
(B) carbohydrates
(C) helpful bacteria
(D) Only available in health food stores
(E) none of these answers are correct
26. Changing one amino acid within a
protein could change what about that
protein?
(A) the primary structure of the protein
(B) the overall shape of the protein
(C) the function of the protein itself
(D) the sequence of amino acids specified in the DNA
sequence called a gene
(E) all of the above
27. A shortage of phosphorus would make it
difficult for an organism to manufacture
(A) DNA
(B) proteins
(C) cellulose
(D) fats
(E) none of these answers are correct
28. Which of the following is not a chemical
reaction?
(A) Sugar and oxygen combine to form carbon dioxide and
water
(B) sodium metal and chlorine gas unite to form sodium
chloride
(C) hydrogen gas combines with oxygen to form water
(D) Ice melts to form liquid water
(E) none of these answers are correct
29. The chemical units of information in
DNA are:
(A) ATGC
(B) UAGC
(C) DAMN
(D) RNAI
(E) XYZQ
30. In DNA replication an (A) adenine
always pairs with
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
cytosine (C)
thymidine (T)
guanine (G)
tyrosine
monosodium glutamate
31. Observation of and wonder at the workings of
nature are what initiate “why” and “how” type
questions. Science is a system of:
(A) relying on one’s best intuition, inspiration and
perspiration to solve problems
(B) advertising as a devious enterprise conceived by
entrepreneurial western capitalists to make money from
the ideas of inventive and often eccentric minds
(C) making theories that fit certain beliefs about why and
how things happen
(D) hypothesis making about the mysteries of life
(E) hypothesis making and testing to discern and validate
observable facts
32. Water can absorb and store a large
amount of heat while increasing only a
few degrees in temperature. Why?
(A) The heat must first be used to break the hydrogen
bonds rather than raise the temperature.
(B) The heat must first be used to break the ionic bonds
rather than raise the temperature.
(C) The heat must first be used to break the covalent
bonds rather than raise the temperature.
(D) An increase in temperature causes an increase in
adhesion of the water.
(E) An increase in temperature causes an increase in
cohesion of the water.
33. Water is split during photosynthesis is
plants to yield what to compounds?
(A) methane gas and carbon dioxide
(B) oxygen and water
(C) hydrogen and oxygen.
(D) sugars and proteins
(E) RNA and DNA