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Problem of the Day!!! 3/4 A DNA molecule is made up of 4 nitrogen bases, what are they? Chapter 4 Section 4 – The DNA Connection The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced. The production of proteins is called protein synthesis. During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein. Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell. That lead us to the question – how does the information to produce protein get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? The role of RNA RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is the genetic messenger of the cell. Characteristics of RNA • RNA is single stranded. DNA is double stranded. • The sugar molecule found in RNA is different from DNA. Ribose verse Deoxyribose. • The nitrogen bases of RNA contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil. • RNA comes in several forms. Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Types of RNA produced during transcription ribosomal RNA (rRNA) •The rRNA is a component of ribosomes. It catalyzes protein synthesis. messenger RNA (mRNA) •Function: Read by ribosomes during translation; the mRNA provides the instructions for building a protein. •transfer RNA (tRNA) • Function: Deciphers the mRNA sequence (in triplets = codon) and brings the correct amino acid (protein building block) to the ribosome for addition to the new protein chain. How do cells make RNA? Transcription •DNA is used as a template for the creation of RNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase. •RNA polymerase reads the nucleotides on the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary RNA sequence. •The sequence of the resulting RNA will be similar to the DNA coding strand. Uracil will take the place of thymine. Protein Synthesis Mutations • A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. This mutant allele/phenotype is a change or variation from the most common or wildtype allele/phenotype. • Mutations may not be good nor bad, just different from the majority in the population. • Mutations in different parts of a gene may cause the same disorder OR may cause distinct phenotypes/disorders. • • • • Most are minor. Many are harmful. Some are lethal. Very few are helpful. Types of mutations: • Germ mutation - occur in gametes. • Somatic mutation - occur in body cells.