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EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2 Bio 3.1 - Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA. 1. DNA and RNA are both made up of _______________which contain a __________,___________, and a __________________. 2. The sugar in DNA is _________ and in RNA is ____________. 3. The bases in DNA are: 4. The bases in RNA: 5. DNA shape is a ___________(twisted ladder) 6. RNA shape is: 7. RNA has 3 forms: - Carries the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome ______. - Carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome ______. - Place where the amino acids are put together to make a protein. ________. 8. Chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contain ___________and _____________. 9. DNA is the genetic information in the nucleus that codes for the production of ______________. 10. DNA Replication (Copy, Synthesize, Duplicate, Complimentary Base Pairs) occurs in the ___________, 11. The weak bond that holds together the complimentary base pairs in DNA are ____________________. 12. Replicated DNA contains one old strand that serves as a template and one new strand making it _______________. 13. Replication must occur prior to any type of cell division so that each daughter cell has a __________ to run the cell. 14. The stage of the cell cycle that DNA is replicated in is the _______ of _______. 15. The process that converts the DNA code into messenger RNA so that it can leave the _____is called ________. 16. The process the converts messenger RNA into a protein is called _________ and occurs at the _____________. 17. Name the process, then tell where the process takes place. 18. A series of three nitrogen bases on messenger RNA is called a ______. 19. A series of three nitrogen bases on transfer RNA is called an _______. 20. Replicate TCC-AGT-TAG 21. Transcribe TCC-AGT-TAG into mRNA. 22. Translate the mRNA into a protein - AGG-UCA-AUG 23. If the anticodon on tRNA reads UGC, what amino acid does it code for? 24. A random change in a DNA sequence is called a ______________. 25. Radiation, radon, asbestos, chemicals are all ______________. 26. There are two types of mutations: _______ and ___________. 27. True or False - Most mutations are harmful. 28. Identify the following types of frame shift mutations by labeling them as inversion, deletion, duplication or translocation. • Original DNA Sequence – ABCDEF • ADEF • ABCXYZ • AEDCBF • ABBCDEF Bio.1.2.2 - Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Bio.3.2.1 - Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. 29. Cells must divide due to __________ratio and lack of ____to tell the cell what to do. 30. Cells have to divide to allow an organism to: _____, _____ injuries, and ______. 31. Part of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its life cycle growing and synthesizing DNA is _________. 32. The stages in mitosis are : ________ 33. Label the diagrams below. 34. This is when the nucleus divides: ____ 35. The division of the cytoplasm is called _____________. 36. In plant cells a ___________forms during cytokinesis for the cell wall to develop. In animal cells a ___________forms. 37. Type of division the makes diploid cells ___________. 38. Type of division that makes haploid cells ____________. 39. Type of division that occurs in somatic or body cells ___________. 40. Type of division that occurs to form gametes _________. 41. Type of division that makes 4 daughter cells ____________. 42. Type of division that makes 2 daughter cells __________. 43. Type of division that has two divisions ___________. 44. Type of division that is one division ____________. 45. Type of division that is asexual ______. 46. Type of division that is sexual ______. 47. Type of cell division that is does not allow for variation _______. 48. Type of cell division that allows for variation _________. 49. ___________and _____________allow for genetic variation. 50. Name the processes below. 51. ____________and __________ cause changes in DNA 52. Human gametes contain __________chromosomes. 53. Human somatic cells contain_________ chromosomes. 54. Type of cell in the human that undergoes the most rapid mitosis is _________. 55. The __________ holds sister chromatids together when DNA replicates during the S-phase of interphase. 56. Label the following types of asexual reproduction. 57. Chromosomes that are the same length, centromere is in the same location, and the same traits are called _______________. 58. These pairs line up during synapsis of prophase 1 of meiosis and gene shuffling occurs in the process called ______________. 59. If a corn anther contains 20 chromosomes in the cells, how many chromosomes will the pollen cell have?59. 60. _________is the process in which the gametes unite forming a ________. 61. Label the stages of human development below 62. This is a diagram of __________. 63. Gametogenesis in a male is called ______. It occurs in the _________. ______sperm are produced. 64. Gametogenesis in a female is called _________. It occurs in the ________. ____________are produced. Bio.3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). 65. The transmission of genes from parent to offspring is called _________. 66. A unit of hereditary information is called a __________. 67. Different forms of a gene are called ___________. 68. Two of the same alleles is called _______________. 69. Two different alleles is called _____. 70. The bossy allele that always shows itself and masks the other alleles is __________. 71. The quiet allele that only shows itself when paired with itself is the _______. 72. An organisms genetic make-up (actual genes) is its ______________. 73. An organisms physical characteristics are its _______________. 74. Results in a phenotype where the two dominant alleles show up equally ____________. 75. Results in a blended phenotype _____. 76. Cross used to determine the genotype for a known phenotype ________. 77. Type of organism always used in a test cross because it has a known genotype and phenotype. 78. How can two organisms have the same phenotype yet different genotypes? 79. Mendel’s principle that the alleles separate during meiosis _______. 80. Mendel’s principle that the bossy gene always wins 81. Mendel’s principle that the alleles separate independently of each other 82. Cross involving one trait 83. Cross involving two traits 84. The likelihood an event will occur is called ______________. 85. Probability (is / is not) based on prior events. 86. The Probability that a woman will have three boys in a row is ________. 87. Tall is dominant over short in pea plants. Cross two hybrid plants. What is the genotypic ratio? What is the phenotypic ratio? 88. Short tails (S) are dominant to long tails (s). Brown hair (B) is dominant to White hair (b). • SsBb x SsBb 88 a. For the cross below, how many of the offspring will be Short tailed and Brown? 88 b. For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Short tailed and white? 88 c. For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Long tailed and Brown? 88 d. For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Long tailed and White? 88 e. That makes the phenotypic ratio for this cross ______________. 89. In camellias there are red flowers, white flowers and red and white flowers. Is this an example of incomplete or codominance? 90. Cross a heterozygous red and white flower with a white flower and give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes 91. In snapdragons there are red flowers, white flowers and pink flowers. Is this an example of incomplete or codominance? 92. Cross two heterozygous flowers and give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes 93. A dog with black fur (B) produces a litter of puppies in which 50% of the puppies are black and 50% are white (b). What is the genotype of the parent ? 94. List the genotypes and phenotypes of blood types • Phenotypes •Genotypes 95. Is it possible for a mom with blood type A and a dad with blood type B to have a child with O blood? ____How? 96. Cross a type A mother whose mother had O blood with a father that has AB blood. Give the possible phenotypic outcomes. 97. A trait that shows up only on the sex chromosomes is considered to be 98. Two sex-linked diseases are 99. The sex chromosomes of a female are _____and a male are _____. 100. _____inherit sex-linked traits most often. They get them from their _____. 101. Cross a colorblind female with a normal male. What is the probability the offspring will be colorblind? 102. Is it possible for a carrier female to have a daughter that is color blind? _____ If so how? 103. A family tree is called a ________. 104. The symbol for a male is a _____ and for a female is a _______. 105. If they have the disease the symbol is _________. 106. What are the genotypes for each of the people on these pedigrees? 106 a. Which would represent colorblindness or hemophilia? 106 b. Which would represent sickle cell or cystic fibrosis? 106 c. Which would represent Huntington’s disease or Achondroplasia? 107. The diagram below is called a _____. It is a picture of ________. The person in the diagram below is a Male/Female. 108. The person has the genetic disorder _________ , also called _________. This is caused by the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly which is called _____. 109. Genetic disorder characterized by abnormal shape of red blood cell that make them unable to carry oxygen is ______. People who are heterozygous are immune to the mosquito carrying disease called ______________. 110. Genetic disorder that leads to the buildup of thick mucus in the lungs is _____. 111. Skin color, eye color, height are determined by many genes and are called _________ traits. 112. Which diagram represents fertilization that will develop into a normal female zygote? 113. ____________determined all sequence of all the alleles in humans. 114. _________is the process of making changes in the DNA code of organisms. 115. A circular piece of DNA found in bacteria is called a _________. 116. The combination of genetic material from 2 or more organisms is called ________. 117. __________cut the DNA at the same sequence on different strands of DNA. 118. _________puts the two new pieces back together. 119. This technology is used to make ______and ________. 120. Bacteria are used in genetic engineering because they reproduce ________ (no variation) and _______. The DNA is then transcribed and translated producing the __________. 121. Organisms that have genes from another organism are called ______. BT corn is an example. 122. Below is a picture of ________. 123. The diagram below is called _______. Who are the soldiers parents? 124. Fruits and vegetable with longer shelf lives and cows producing more milk are examples of 125. The _________ makes many copies of a DNA sequence in a short amount of time 126. _____________inserts normal gene sequences through inhalers into people with diseases like cystic fibrosis so that correct protein sequences may be produced. 127. Complete the table below with features specific to messenger RNA (mRNA) Double/Single Stranded? • • • • Function? A. Single stranded B. double stranded C. Carries amino acids to the ribosomes D. Takes the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm • E. Matches anticodons to the correct amino acids • 128. Meiosis creates genetic variation. Select 3 statements below that support this assertion. • A. daughter cells formed during meiosis are not genetically identical to either mother or father • B. Meiosis results in mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes and crossing over • C. During normal cell growth meiosis produces daughter cells that are identical to parent cell • D. During sexual reproduction, fusion of the unique haploid gametes produces truly unique offspring