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From DNA to Protein Chapter 5 Ricin and your Ribosomes DNA and RNA DNA has one function: It permanently stores a cell’s genetic information, which is passed to offspring. RNAs have various functions. Some serve as disposable copies of DNA’s genetic message; others are catalytic. DNA template Transcription mRNA Translation protein stop Amino acid Gly Amino acid Glu Amino acid RNA in Protein Synthesis 2 Different Kinds of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Contains information transcribed from DNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Delivers amino acids to ribosomes Gene Expression Gene expression A multistep process in which genetic information is converted into a structural or functional part of a cell or body Transcription: DNA to RNA RNA polymerase assembles RNA by linking RNA nucleotides into a chain Transcription: DNA to RNA DNA template Transcription mRNA Base-Pairing in DNA Synthesis and Transcription Fig. 14-5a, p. 218 Post-Transcriptional Modifications gene exon DNA cap PremRNA intron exon intron exon transcription into RNA poly-A tail 3’ 5’ snipped out snipped out mRNA Fig. 14-7, p. 220 mRNA – The Messenger Codon-A sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid The order of codons in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Genetic Information • From DNA to mRNA to amino acid sequence codon Translation 2 subunits Ribosomes made of rRNA & proteins Codons of the Genetic Code Common Mutations Base-pair-substitution Deletion or insertion THREONINE PROLINE GLUTAMATE GLUTAMATE LYSINE a. Normal Hemoglobin chain b. Base pair substitution THREONINE PROLINE VALINE GLUTAMATE LYSINE c. Frame shift THREONINE PROLINE GLYCINE ARGININE Fig. 14-13, p. 224 What Causes Mutations? 1. Spontaneous mutations 2. Uncorrected errors in DNA replication Harmful environmental agents a. UV radiation b. chemicals Inherited Mutations Mutations in somatic cells of sexually reproducing species are not inherited Mutations in a gamete may be inherited, with evolutionary consequences