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DNA v. RNA • • • • • • • DNA Nucleic Acid Made of nucleotides Double helix (2 strands) A, T, G, C – nitrogen bases (AT, CG) Deoxyribose Sugar Found in the nucleus (Eukaryotic cells) Genetic Material • • • • • • • RNA Nucleic Acid Made of nucleotides Single stranded A, U, G, C – nitrogen bases (AU, CG, TA) Ribose Sugar Found in nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell mRNA, rRNA, tRNA Protein Synthesis RNA Functions • Translate between DNA and protein Translation versus Transcription TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION Transcription = the process of changing the genetic code from DNA to RNA • For prokaryotes, this happens in the cytoplasm- why? • For eukaryotes, this happens in the nucleus Transcription = the process of changing the genetic code from DNA to RNA • Steps of Transcription: 1. DNA Helicase – unzips double helix 2. Promoter binds – adds primer so RNA polymerase binds 3. RNA polymerase – binds and pairs corresponding RNA nucleotides to form RNA polymer 4. Forms messenger RNA (mRNA) http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flasha http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html nimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf Translation = the process of changing RNA to Protein • In prokaryote, this happens in the cytoplasm- why? • In eukaryotes, this happens in the cytoplasm- why? – mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope Translation = the process of changing RNA to Protein • Translating from language of nucleotides to the language of codon to the language of amino acids – A codon = a 3 nucleotide base sequence – Each codon codes for an amino acid – Should have 64 different codons (4 nucleotide choices, 3 bases) but only 20 amino acids- why? Translation = the process of changing RNA to Protein • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) builds ribosome – – • • • • Ribosomes made up of proteins and rRNA Small subunit and large subunit mRNA feeds through the ribosome, the ribosome reads the codons For each codon, transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the corresponding amino acid and attaches it Always start with AUG = methionine Stop with UGA, UAG, UAA Translation = the process of changing RNA to Protein http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm Practice • Write 2 DNA sequences (of at least 15 base pairs in length) – Transcribe it from DNA to RNA – Translate it from RNA to protein • Trade your 2 DNA sequences with a friend – Try to transcribe and translate their sequences – Check your answers with their answers – Check over their answers too! Mutations • Point Mutation - A change in a single base nucleotide. - Leads to a change in a single codon. Ex. Base Substitution http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=mutation+substitution&FORM =HDRSC2&adlt=strict#view=detail&id=8B33D483DFE23A7B98E648 30FC195418DB0359B1&selectedIndex=2 Silent Mutations • A substitution that… – 1. … does not result in a change to the amino acid – 2. …results in a change that does not drastically change the final structure of the protein – 3. …occurs in a non-coding region of the genome. http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch17/17_23aPointMutationTypes-L.jpg Frameshift Mutations • Insertion or deletion of any number of nucleotides not divisible by 3 • Alters the entire reading frame following the mutation http://www.ebpi-kits.com/images/TA98%20Frame-Shift%20Mutation.jpg