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Major Constituents of Cell Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleus Largest organelle (5 m in diameter) Nuclear envelope some anuclear or multinucleate two unit membranes held together at nuclear pores Nucleoplasm chromatin (thread-like matter) = DNA and protein nucleoli = dark masses where ribosomes produced Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Kornberg & DNA polymerization http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of Cell Division Surface-to-volume ratio of cells Contact inhibition Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endoplasmic Reticulum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribosomes Granules of protein and RNA found in nucleoli, free in cytosol and on rough ER Uses directions in messenger RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the genetic code (DNA) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Synthesis DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis Genes are segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chain Triplets of nucleotide bases form the genetic library Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings From DNA to Protein Nuclear envelope Transcription DNA Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Ribosome Translation Polypeptide Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.33 From DNA to Protein DNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.33 From DNA to Protein Transcription Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Figure 3.33 From DNA to Protein Transcription DNA Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.33 From DNA to Protein Nuclear envelope Transcription DNA Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.33 From DNA to Protein Nuclear envelope Transcription DNA Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Ribosome Translation Polypeptide Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.33 Roles of the Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the genetic information (codons) from DNA Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) – carries amino acids contains anti-codon Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – a structural component of ribosomes Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20-%20long.html Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coding strand Transcription Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit In a process mediated by a transcription factor, RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds 16–18 base pairs of the DNA template strand RNA polymerase Unwound DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA nucleotides RNA polymerase mRNA synthesis begins RNA polymerase moves down DNA; mRNA elongates mRNA synthesis is terminated DNA (a) mRNA transcript Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Coding strand Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit (a) Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Coding strand Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit In a process mediated by a transcription factor, RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds 16–18 base pairs of the DNA template strand RNA polymerase Unwound DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter (a) Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Coding strand Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit In a process mediated by a transcription factor, RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds 16–18 base pairs of the DNA template strand RNA polymerase Unwound DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter RNA nucleotides mRNA synthesis begins (a) Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Coding strand Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit In a process mediated by a transcription factor, RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds 16–18 base pairs of the DNA template strand RNA polymerase Unwound DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter RNA nucleotides mRNA synthesis begins mRNA (a) Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Coding strand Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit In a process mediated by a transcription factor, RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds 16–18 base pairs of the DNA template strand RNA polymerase Unwound DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA nucleotides mRNA synthesis begins RNA polymerase moves down DNA; mRNA elongates (a) Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Coding strand Termination signal Promoter Template strand Transcription unit In a process mediated by a transcription factor, RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds 16–18 base pairs of the DNA template strand RNA polymerase Unwound DNA RNA polymerase bound to promoter RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA nucleotides RNA polymerase mRNA synthesis begins RNA polymerase moves down DNA; mRNA elongates mRNA synthesis is terminated DNA (a) mRNA transcript Coding strand RNA polymerase Unwinding of DNA Rewinding of DNA Template strand RNA nucleotides mRNA RNA-DNA hybrid region (b) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.34 Nucleus Nuclear membrane RNA polymerase Nuclear pore mRNA Template strand of DNA Released mRNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.36 Nucleus Nuclear membrane RNA polymerase Nuclear pore mRNA Template strand of DNA Released mRNA 1 After mRNA processing, mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, and translation begins. Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Large ribosomal subunit Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.36 Nucleus Nuclear membrane RNA polymerase Nuclear pore mRNA Template strand of DNA Amino acids Released mRNA 1 After mRNA processing, mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, and translation begins. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 tRNA Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Large ribosomal subunit Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energized by ATP, the correct amino acid is attached to each species of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. Figure 3.36 Nucleus Nuclear membrane RNA polymerase Nuclear pore mRNA Template strand of DNA Amino acids Released mRNA 1 After mRNA processing, mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, and translation begins. tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Large ribosomal subunit 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Incoming aminoacyltRNA hydrogen bonds via its anticodon to complementary mRNA sequence (codon) at the A site on the ribosome. Energized by ATP, the correct amino acid is attached to each species of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. Figure 3.36 Nucleus Nuclear membrane RNA polymerase Nuclear pore mRNA Template strand of DNA Amino acids Released mRNA 1 After mRNA processing, mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, and translation begins. tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Large ribosomal subunit 2 3 As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, a new amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Incoming aminoacyltRNA hydrogen bonds via its anticodon to complementary mRNA sequence (codon) at the A site on the ribosome. Energized by ATP, the correct amino acid is attached to each species of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. Figure 3.36 Nucleus Nuclear membrane RNA polymerase Nuclear pore mRNA Template strand of DNA Amino acids Released mRNA 1 After mRNA processing, mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, and translation begins. tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Large ribosomal subunit 2 4 Once its amino acid is released, tRNA is ratcheted to the E site and then released to reenter the cytoplasmic pool, ready to be recharged with a new amino acid. 3 As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, a new amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Incoming aminoacyltRNA hydrogen bonds via its anticodon to complementary mRNA sequence (codon) at the A site on the ribosome. Energized by ATP, the correct amino acid is attached to each species of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. Figure 3.36 Genetic Code RNA codons code for amino acids according to a genetic code mutations multiple codons Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.35 http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20-%20long.html Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Information Transfer from DNA to RNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.38 Developmental Aspects of Cells All cells of the body contain the same DNA but Genes of specific cells are turned on or off (i.e., by methylation of their DNA) Cell specialization is determined by the kind of proteins that are made in that cell muscle cell vs. nerve cell Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.18a, c Golgi Complex Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis mRNA – ribosome complex is directed to rough ER by a signal-recognition particle (SRP) Cytosol Transport vesicle budding off Coatomercoated transport vesicle Ribosomes mRNA 5 3 4 2 1 Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) ER membrane Sugar group Released Signal glycoprotein sequence Growing removed polypeptide ER cisterna Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Cytosol mRNA 1 Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) ER cisterna ER membrane Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19 Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Cytosol mRNA 2 1 Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) Growing polypeptide ER cisterna ER membrane Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19 Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA 3 2 1 Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) Growing polypeptide Signal sequence removed ER cisterna ER membrane Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19 Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA 3 4 2 1 Released glycoprotein Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) Growing polypeptide Signal sequence removed ER cisterna ER membrane Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19 Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Cytosol Transport vesicle budding off 5 Ribosomes mRNA 3 4 Sugar group 2 1 Released glycoprotein Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) Growing polypeptide Signal sequence removed ER cisterna ER membrane Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19 Signal Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Cytosol Transport vesicle budding off Coatomercoated transport vesicle 5 Ribosomes mRNA 3 4 Sugar group 2 1 Released glycoprotein Signal Receptor sequence site Signalrecognition particle (SRP) Growing polypeptide Signal sequence removed ER cisterna ER membrane Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19 Role of the Golgi Apparatus Cisterna Rough ER Proteins in cisterna Phagosome Membrane Vesicle Lysosomes containing acid hydrolase enzymes Pathway 3 Golgi apparatus Vesicle incorporated into plasma membrane Coatomer coat Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Pathway 1 Plasma membrane Proteins Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.21