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Making Proteins: Translation Lecture #25 Honors Biology Ms. Day REVIEW… Translation mRNA polypeptide (protein) Type of RNA Function Job mRNA Brings message from DNA (DNA instructions) to ribosome to make protein (messenger RNA) tRNA (transfer RNA) Transfers/moves amino acids to ribosomes Makes up rRNA ribosomes along (ribosomal RNA) with proteins Picture tRNA A cell translates mRNA message into protein with help from transfer RNA (tRNA) Each carries a specific amino acid “t” shape Carries amino acids Matches codons to anticodons tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes Amino acid comes on and off! OR Ribosomes Help bind tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during translation Anticodon (tRNA) = codon (mRNA) REVIEW…The Genetic Code It’s a table used that TRANSLATES RNA nucleotides called CODONS (or mRNA “letters”) into one of the 20 amino acids 3 letter mRNA “word” = 1 amino acid There are 4 different RNA “letters” that can be used A, U, C, and G THE GENETIC CODE AMINO ACIDS tRNA (with anticodons) mRNA (with codons…co des for aa) Ribosomes There are 2 ribosomal subunits Constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA or rRNA Building a Polypeptide Translation can be divided into 3 phases Initiation Elongation Termination Initiation of Translation initiation stage brings together mRNA bearing 1st amino acid (“start”) called MET 2 subunits of a ribosome come together tRNA Large ribosomal subunit 3 U A C 5 5 A U G 3 Initiator tRNA GTP GDP mRNA 5 3 5 3 Start codon mRNA binding site Small ribosomal subunit Translation initiation complex Elongation Amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid Peptide bonds are formed Amino acid Termination of Translation When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA There are 3 stop codons UAA, UAG, and UGA Release factor (protein) binds to stop codon (NOT tRNA) polypeptide released Termination of Translation Release factor Free polypeptide 5 3 3 5 5 Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) 3 TRANSCRIPTION DNA mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide Amino acids Polypeptide “EMPTY” tRNA Ribosome tRNA with amino acid attached Gly tRNA A A A U G G U U U G G C 5 Codons Figure 17.13 mRNA Anticodon 3 Polypeptide 3D Protein Primary Structure Amino acids is a row (LINEAR) Secondary Structure Amino Acids BEND and FOLD towards each other Tertiary Structure Amino acids BIND to each other 3D shape made Quartnary structure (only some) 2 or more polypeptides BIND to each other 1 3 2 4 Translation (Protein Synthesis) Animation http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13 02 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd- PSTQ http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/cha pter15/animations.html#