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Transcript
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15 The Nature of Genes information flows in one direction: DNA (gene) Transcription RNA Translation protein 2 3 GENE The Genetic Code codon: set of 3 nucleotides(mRNA) that specifies a particular amino acid (64 possible codons) stop codons: (UUA, UGA, UAG) used to terminate translation start codon: (AUG) used to start translation 5 6 Gene Expression Overview template strand: used to make RNA coding strand: complementary to the template strand RNA polymerase: puts nucleotides together to make RNA strand 7 Gene Expression Overview types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the info from DNA that encodes proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) part of ribosome transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome 8 Transcription Transcription proceeds through: 1. initiation 2. elongation – RNA nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the new RNA 3. termination 9 10 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing • introns – non-coding sequences • exons – sequences that will be translated 11 tRNA and Ribosomes tRNA – amino acids carried by the acceptor arm – the anticodon loop 3 nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons 12 13 tRNA and Ribosomes The ribosome has two primary functions: – decode the mRNA – form peptide bonds 14 Translation 1. initiation 2. elongation – tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome 3. Termination – stop codon 15 16 17 Firefly website 18 Mutation: Altered Genes Point mutations alter a single base. Chromosomal mutations change part of a chromosome (deleted/repeated/moved) 19 20 21 22 23 24 Mutation: Altered Genes Too much genetic change (mutation) can be harmful to the individual. However, genetic variation (caused by mutation) is necessary for evolutionary change of the species. 25
