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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Genes are DNA instructions that control the production of proteins or polypeptide chain--a chain of amino acids. --sections of DNA that act as a code/set of instructions for making proteins Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA. So why copy the DNA? Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis If DNA is the code for making proteins why can’t it be “read” by the ribosome. HINT: JOURNAL QUESTION FROM YESTERDAY… •DNA can’t leave the nucleus because it •Is too big. •DNA is the instructions for building every protein; cells only need to make the proteins for that type of cell •Enzymes will break it down if detected outside the nucleus. •THEREFORE MSUST HAVE A WAY FOR MESSAGE TO LEAVE Slide 2 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis The Structure of RNA The Structure of RNA RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis The Structure of RNA There are three main differences between RNA and DNA: • The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. • RNA is generally single-stranded and shorter. • RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. Slide 4 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. Slide 5 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Transcription What is transcription? Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Transcription Transcription RNA molecules are produced by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA. This process is called transcription. Transcription requires another enzyme, RNA polymerase. Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Transcription During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. Slide 8 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Transcription RNA polymerase binds only to regions of DNA known as promoters. Promoters are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind and which side of the DNA to bind to in order to make to make RNA. Slide 9 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Transcription RNA RNA polymerase DNA Slide 10 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Translation Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, and then enters the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome and is translated into a protein. Nucleus mRNA Slide 11 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Codon The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. Genes and Proteins Codon Codon Single strand of DNA Codon Codon Codon The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein. mRNA Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 12 of 39 12–3 Click to Launch: Continue to: - or - Slide 13 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule? a. messenger RNA b. DNA c. transfer RNA d. ribosomal RNA Slide 14 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is a. thymine. b. uracil. c. cytosine. d. adenine. Slide 15 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A region of a DNA molecule that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA is the a. intron. b. exon. c. promoter. d. codon. Slide 16 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an) a. single base pair in RNA. b. single amino acid. c. entire protein. d. single base pair in DNA. Slide 17 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall END OF SECTION