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Transcript
DNA How and why is the genetic material of organisms altered? Structure of DNA DNA is composed of: 2 sugar-phosphate backbones 4 types of nitrogenous bases Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine DNA base-pairing rules A always pairs with T G always pairs with C Provides a way for exact copies of DNA to made → DNA replication Important to keep genetic code the same when new cells are made! DNA Replication DNA strand is untwisted Bonds between b.p. are broken Two new strands are made by filling in matching bases one at a time Result= 2 new identical DNA strands! DNA and the living cell DNA divided into segments called genes Humans have over 20,000 genes Genes provides information for making proteins Genes and Proteins Each gene codes for a unique protein with specialized function in cell All cells have the same set of genes Different kinds of cells use different combinations of genes Cells only build the proteins they need to do their job! Functions of proteins in cells General functions: Enzymes (DNA polymerase) Transport proteins (Hemoglobin) Cell signaling proteins (Insulin) Structural proteins (Keratin) Protein synthesis Cell follows TWO step process to build proteins from DNA Transcription Making a copy of the DNA (called messenger RNA) and sending that copy to the ribosome Translation Ribosome use information in the mRNA to assemble the protein Transcription Starts in the nucleus DNA is unzipped Copy is made: messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA leaves nucleus, travels through cytoplasm to RIBOSOME mRNA vs. DNA Differences between DNA and RNA RNA is… Single-stranded Different sugar (ribose) Thymine (T) is replaced by Uracil (U) Translation Occurs in ribosome Ribosome reads mRNA sequence 3 letters at a time (codon) Each codon codes for a particular amino acid 20 possible amino acids Order amino acids are assembled is different for all proteins Sequence of a.a. determines shape of protein which determines function Genetic Code
