Download DNA & RNA

AP BIOLOGY
RNA, DNA, & Proteins
Chapters 16 & 17
Review
Enzyme that adds nucleotide subunits
to an RNA primer during replication
DNA polymerase III
Another name for protein synthesis
translation
Sugar used to make DNA
dexoyribose
Process of making a DNA copy
replication
Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as
cytosine and thymine
pyrimidine
Organism whose cells have a nucleus
eukaryote
Process in which the genetic code of
DNA is copied into a strand of RNA
transcription
Three sequential nucleotides in an
mRNA molecule that code for a
specific amino acid
codon
Organism without a nucleus
prokaryote
Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine
and guanine
Purine
Subunit composed of a sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
used to make DNA and RNA
nucleotide
DNA cutting enzyme
nuclease
Process in which one strain of bacteria
is genetically changed by receiving
DNA from another
transformation
Mutation caused by UV light which
distorts the shape of the DNA molecule
Thymine dimer
Enyzme the removes the RNA primers
and replaces them with DNA
DNA polymerase I
Group of three nucleotide bases on a
t-RNA molecule that are
complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
The pieces of message that are
INTRONS
edited out are called __________
Where does this editing happen?
In nucleus
Image by Riedell
Making a DNA copy = _____________
replication
Using DNA code to
transcription
make an RNA = ___________________
Using an RNA message
translation
to make a protein = _______________
DNA strand that is synthesized
continuously
Leading strand
Portion of the pre-mRNA that is
expressed in the final protein
exon
Process of making proteins from an
RNA message
Translation (protein synthesis)
Type of RNA that carries information
in the DNA code from the nucleus
out to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
DNA strand that is synthesized in
segments Lagging strand
Segments of RNA that act as enzymes
ribozymes
Sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
Weak bonds between nitrogen bases that
hold the 2 DNA strands together
Hydrogen bonds
Nitrogen base NOT found in RNA
thymine
Type of RNA that matches its
anticodon and attaches the correct
amino acid to the growing protein
chain during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Structures found in the cytoplasm
made of rRNA and proteins where
protein synthesis happens
Ribosomes
NUCLEUS
A= _________
m-RNA
B= _________
amino acid
ribosome
C= _________
t-RNA
D= ___________
codon
F= _____________
acid
G = Amino
__________________
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Type of RNA that combines with
proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Segments formed when the lagging
strand is copied Okazaki
fragments
Complex made of snRNP’s and
proteins that edits and removes
introns
spliceosome
Sugar used to make RNA
ribose
Molecules that make up the DNA backbone
Phosphates and sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogen base NOT found in DNA
uracil
Describe the processing of pre-mRNA’s
before they leave the nucleus
Removal of introns
addition of 5’ cap
Addition of poly-A tail
Enzyme that binds to DNA and adds
nucleotides when making RNA
RNA polymerase
Macromolecule made by joining
nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
Virus that infects bacteria
bacteriophage
Bond that holds amino acid subunits
together make a protein
peptide
Type of bond between
sugars and phosphates that
hold the back bone
together.
hydrogen
ionic
covalent
covalent
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Macromolecule made by joining amino
acid subunits together
protein
Small molecules made of RNA and
proteins that recognize splice sites on
pre-mRNA’s and combine with other
proteins to make spliceosomes
Small ribonucleoproteins
(snRNP’s)
Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved
in coding for a protein which is cut out
of the m-RNA molecule before it is read
by the ribosomes intron
Where does transcription happen?
nucleus
Name the woman scientist whose X-ray
images of DNA helped James Watson
and Francis Crick figure out the structure
of DNA
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA
DNA
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
A,T,C,G
No Uracil
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
A,U,C,G
No thymine
Contains genetic code
Stays in nucleus
Carries code from
nucleus to cytoplasm
Helps with protein
synthesis
A genetic change in a cell due to DNA
received from another cell =
TRANSFORMATION
____________________.
Modification added to the 3’ end of a
m-RNA which may promote export from
nucleus and protect it from degradation
Poly-A tail
Name the two scientists who received the
Nobel prize for figuring out
the structure of DNA
JAMES WATSON &
FRANCIS CRICK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/A/A/A/Z/_/ccaaaz~.jpg
Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia
experiment but used enzymes to
destroy different kinds of
molecules before injecting them
into the mice.
Which molecule was necessary for
transformation to occur?
DNA
What was the significance of this
experiment?
DNA
Which of the following is true:
In a DNA molecule
A. purines always bind with purines
B. pyrimidines always bind with pyrimidines
C. Purines always bind with pyrimidines
C.
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
Sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate
DNA polymerase only works in one
direction so a DNA molecule is always
built by adding nucleotides in the
5’ to 3’
____________
direction
NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME
Adds RNA primer to start
copying a DNA segment
______________________
PRIMASE
Joins DNA segments
LIGASE
__________________
Unwinds the DNA strand
________________
HELICASE
NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME
Adds nucleotide subunits continuously to
leading strand
DNA POLYMERASE III
______________________
Removes RNA primers and adds nucleotides
DNA POLYMERASE I
__________________
Protective structures at the ends of
eukaryotic chromosomes that
prevent loss of information when the
5’ end is shortened during replication
telomeres
DNA polymerase works by joining a
3’ end of an
new nucleotide to the _____
existing nucleotide chain.
3’ or 5’
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make DNA what
sugar would be used?
deoxyribose
Which nitrogen base
URACIL
could NOT be used?
DNA → DNA
= _____________
replication
DNA → RNA = ___________________
transcription
translation
RNA → protein = _______________
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
Name the two scientists whose
bacteriophage-blender experiment helped
to finally show that DNA was the molecule
that carried the genetic code
ALFRED HERSHEY &
MARTHA CHASE
A virus that infects bacteria is called a
_______________
BACTERIOPHAGE
http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make RNA what
sugar would be used?
ribose
Which nitrogen base
THYMINE
could NOT be used?
Tell what nitrogen base these
letters stand for
_____________=
ADENINE A
_____________
GUANINE = G
_____________
CYTOSINE = C
______________
THYMINE = T
URACIL = U
______________
Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are
Pyrimidines
called ______________
C
T
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
What was the significance of Hershey and
Chase’s blender experiment with
radioactively labeled phages?
Showed DNA was genetic code
Which molecules make up the
backbone (sides of ladder)
in a DNA molecule?
Sugar (deoxyribose)
and phosphates
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are
Purines
called ______________
A
G
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
CHARGAFF’S RULES says that ?
A = T
G = C
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
How is the DNA in
PROKARYOTES different
from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
PROKARYOTES
Single chromosome
Circular (loop)
In cytoplasm
(no nucleus)
No histones
EUKARYOTES
Many chromosomes
Rod-shaped bundles
In Nucleus
Histones attached
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
New strand
Original
strand
DNA
polymerase
Growth
DNA
polymerase
Growth
Replication
fork
Replication
fork
New strand
Original
strand
Nitrogenous
bases
The sites where strand separation and
replication forks
replication occur are called _____________
Identify the 3 models of DNA replication
shown in the diagram below
Semi-conservative
conservative
dispersive
Which of these did Meselson and Stahl’s
experiment provide evidence for? Semi-
conservative
Enzyme found in eukaryotic germ
cells, stem cells, and cancer cells
which lengthen telomeres
telomerase
Archibald Garrod coined the term
“inborn ____________________”
errors of metabolism to describe
inherited diseases are due to an inability to
make a specific enzyme
Genetic disorder described by
Garrod in which individuals
lack the enzyme to break down the
amino acid tyosine resulting in
black urine alcaptonuria
Genetic disorder in which individuals
lack the enzymes to repair damage
from UV light
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Beadle and Tatum came up with the
“ _________________________”
one gene-one enzyme
hypothesis that stated the function of a
gene was to code for the production of
one specific protein.
How has our understanding of this
idea changed since then?
Changed to one gene-one polypeptide
(not all proteins are enzymes)
Now know: Some genes code for RNA’s with
important functions that are not made into proteins
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
What was the significance of Meselson and
Stahl’s heavy/light nitrogen experiment?
Provided evidence for
semi-conservative model for DNA
replication
Images from: http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/106/unit01/6.dnareplicationmodels.html
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA
MESSENGER
carries code from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
_______________
MUTATIONS
are changes
in the genetic material.
Substances that can cause mutations are
MUTAGENS
called _____________
Give some examples
Cigarette smoke
UV light
X rays
How is the production of mRNA’s
different in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
PROKARYOTES
No nucleus
transcription immediate
No mRNA processing
EUKARYOTES
in nucleus
pre-mRNA is processed
must pass out of nucleus
before translation
Name the pieces of message that
are NOT edited out and are
EXONS
expressed __________
Image by Riedell
Mutations involving only one base pair are
point
called ________
mutations
Explain why frameshift mutations at the
beginning of a gene are more harmful than
at the end.
Frameshifts cause everything after the
mutation to shift and be misread so
mutations at the beginning change
more of the code.
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
deletion
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
A T T C G A G C T
→
A T T C T A G C T
SUBSTITUTION
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
INSERTION/duplication
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Mutation that causes a reaarangement
in the reading frame and the code to
be misread.
FRAMESHIFT
MUTATION
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.
All rights reserved
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
Segment flips and reads backwards
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
INVERSION
DNA polymerase can only add
nucleotides to the ____’
3 end of a
growing strand
What happens to polypeptides that
will become membrane proteins or be
secreted while they are being
translated?
SRP (signal recognition particle) attaches
them to ER so they are inserted into lumen
Tell the kind of mutation shown
Segment breaks off and joins a different nonhomologous chromosome
TRANSLOCATION
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Sequence where RNA polymerase
attaches and begins transcription
promoter
Promoter sequence in eukaryotic DNA
crucial in forming the transcription
initiation complex TATA box
Relaxation of base pairing rules that
explains why amino acids can differ
in the 3rd base
wobble
Discrete structural and functional
regions that can be edited and
shuffled in different combinations
to make different arrangements of
protein sequences
DOMAINS
Arrangement of multiple ribosomes
translating an mRNA at the same time
polyribosomes
Fill in the complementary DNA strand
using the template below
A
T
C
G
G
A
C
T
A
G
T
A
G
C
C
T G
A
T
C
Use the DNA strand to make an
mRNA message
A
T
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
G
U
A
G
A
C
U G
A
U
C
Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine
the amino acid being coded for:
proline
C C A =___________
arginine
C G U = __________
phenylalanine
U U C = __________
alanine
G C A = __________
STOP
U A G = __________