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Biochemistry and Vertebrate Evolution Note underlined terms! (This presentation online at www.redwood.org/stewart [click today’s agenda]) VERTEBRATE UNIT GOALS PRIOR KNOWLEDGE (Islands): To predict the phenotypes (physical characteristics) of organisms based on the genes that were passed down from the parent generation. To understand how we classify vertebrates based on their physical traits and genes (Semester 1). To understand the process of protein synthesis and how proteins affect the physical traits of an organism. To understand how biotechnology can be used to further our understanding of vertebrate evolution. I. Taxonomy & Evolutionary Relationships (Review) A. Taxonomy - categorizing organisms into groups (taxa) 1. Groups are based on similarities and differences of : a. Physical traits - structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) b. Biochemical composition - DNA (genes) and proteins B. Taxonomy & Evolutionary Relationships - the more similar two species are the more closely related they are to one another. 1. they inherited these similarities from a common ancestor II. Biochemical Composition of Living Things A. Biological Organization ATOM ORGANELLE MOLECULE MACROMOLECULE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM ORGAN TISSUE CELL II. Biochemical Composition of Living Things Nucleic acids make proteins, proteins make organisms B. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) - store genetic information 1. universal code (blueprints) for making proteins C. Proteins - determine physical traits 1. structure - materials for building cells 2. function • carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells • trigger muscle movements • assists with all chemical reactions in the body • protect the body against disease III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA A. Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 1. nucleotides • 3 basic parts: A “ladder rung” or “brick” of DNA ACTorG B. Nucleotides make Nucleic Acids 1. a phosphate group of one nucleotide attaching to the sugar of another nucleotide 2. base pairing - bases bond with complimentary bases III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA C. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid • contains genes One nucleotide (ladder rung) • Replication is how new DNA is produced. ANIMATION. (End of Part 1) III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA D. RNA - ribonucleic acid • DNA “master plan” builds RNA (“blueprint”) in process called Transcription. MOVIE III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA E. Differences Between DNA & RNA 1. DNA 2. RNA A. Sugars deoxyribose sugar B. # of strands doublestranded C. Bases A-T G-C ribose sugar singlestranded A-U G-C in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome DNA RNA D. Location in the nucleus NOTE: There are 3 major types of RNA: messenger RNA transfer RNA & ribosomal RNA (End of Part 2) IV. Protein Synthesis A. DNA “master plan” builds RNA (“blueprint”)in process called Transcription. MOVIE. B. RNA then used to make proteins in process called Translation. ANIMATION. MOVIE. IV. Protein Synthesis C. Building the protein mRNA p. 149 IV. Protein Synthesis D. The Connection: Nucleic Acids, Proteins & Traits DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> Trait Master plan -> Analogy: Blueprint copy -> Building Materials -> Part of building IV. Protein Synthesis D. Summary Nucleotides (ACTG) + DNA Polymerase Nucleotides (ACUG) + RNA Polymerase Amino acids 1 gene (piece of DNA) --> 1 protein V. Proteins A. Building Blocks of Proteins 1. amino acids 2. amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains B. Amino Acids --> Proteins 1. proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids 2. A peptide is a bond between 2 amino acids. Chains of amino acids, or polypeptide chains, fold into 3-D structures to form functional proteins. VI. Mutations and VII. Why study biochem. in Biochem. and Evol., cont’d. (The End)