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DNA Jitka Trtílková Martin Nejezchleb DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic information is stored in the molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. • DNA is found in most living organisms (except viruses). • DNA resides in the nucleus of living cells. store = uložený Structure of the DNA In the 1950 four scientists (James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Franklin) determined the true structure of DNA from data and X-ray pictures of the molecule. In 1953, Watson and Crick published this research. The true structure of the DNA molecule is a double helix, as shown at right. Strands of double helix are made from monomers that are called nucleotides.Each monomer consists of threecomponents: a nitrogenous heterocyclic base, a pentose sugar (2-deoxyriboses), and a phosphate group. The nitrogenous bases are: adenine, cytosine,guanine and thymine. strand = vlákno double-helix = dvou vláknová šroubovice consist = skládat se Nitrogenous bases The nucleotide bases of the DNA molecule form complementary pairs: Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine Deoxyribonucleotide Bonds in molecule of DNA : Between sugar and phosphate group is ester bond. Between sugar and nitrogenous base is N-glykosidic bond. Two strands in double-helix are bonded by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. DNA - the source of heredity • The double helix of DNA controls heredity on the molecular level. The hereditary information is stored as the sequence of bases along the polynucleotide chain. DNA preserves this information, and uses it. It does this through two ways: • DNA molecules can duplicate themselves, in a process called replication. • DNA molecules control the synthesis of the proteins. Processes of protein biosynthesis are transcription and translation. heredity = dědičnost chain = řetězec preserve = uchovávat DNA replication Before a cell can divide, it must duplicate all its DNA. The Steps of DNA replication: 1) A portion of the double helix is unwound. Enzyme that catalyze unwinding of DNA is a DNA polymerase. 2) A molecule of the DNA polymerase binds to one strand of the DNA.This strand is called template strand. DNA polymerase "read" the sequence of bases on the template strand and then "synthesize" the complementary strand. 3) In the end there are two new identical molecules of the DNA. divide = rozdělit se unwind = rozplést, rozmotat template = vzor DNA replication Transcription Transcription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary mRNA (messenger RNA). It is highly analogous to DNA replication. Transcription is the beginning of the process that leads to the translation of the genetic code into a functional peptide or protein. Transcription = DNA → mRNA Messenger = posel, kurýr Translation Translation is the second process of protein biosynthesis. The mRNA carries genetic information encoded as a ribonucleotide sequence from the chromosomes to the ribosomes. The ribonucleotides are "read" by translational machinery in a sequence of nucleotide triplets called codons. Each of those triplets codes for a specific amino acid. The ribosome and tRNA (transfer RNA) translate this code to produce proteins. Translation = mRNA → protein encoded = zakódovaný DNA Fingerprinting Because DNA has unique structure, it can be used as a means of identification. DNA can be extracted from organic remains (blood, saliva, etc) left at crime scenes to identify the criminal. It can also be used to determine parentage, the gender of animals and birds (where it is difficult to do so by just looking at them). This process is called DNA fingerprinting. means = prostředek remains = zbytky saliva = slina parentage = původ gender = pohlaví Thank you for your attention!