* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Les 6b RNA Transcription and Translation
Ancestral sequence reconstruction wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Transcription factor wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Protein (nutrient) wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Protein Synthesis The Molecule of Life: Transcription and Translation Transcription and Translation Transcription begins the process of protein synthesis Translation results in the end protein molecule Several organelles in the cell are involved Cell Organelles Involved in Protein Synthesis (186) Transcription: Start of Protein Synthesis Where? Nucleus in Eukaryotes Cytoplasm in Prokaryotes What? Many cell organelles involved RNA Polymerase plus some minor proteins DNA code becomes encoded in mRNA Transcription: Start of Protein Synthesis When? When RNA is needed Why? RNA’s serve many important functions in cells RNA encodes protein sequences How? Transcription Defined Transcription: to transfer a code into another code ie. To rewrite one language into another Where are we? http://blog.coturnix.org/2008/05/01/lithium_circadian_clocks_and_b_2/ Transcription How? mRNA made 5’3’ directionality DNA unzips only at a specific gene sequence for a specific protein Usually only one strand of DNA is read to form a complementary copy of the mRNA Transcription Uses Base-pairing but U instead of T pairs with A. RNA nucleotides “float” into place with the aid of RNA polymerase and complementary base pairing occurs There are nonsense codes at the end of the gene that terminate mRNA synthesis. mRNA breaks off and moves out of the nucleus into the ribosomes of the cytoplasm Same idea as with DNA replication Transcription Animation Transcription & translation - fast Transcription: Layout 5’ end RNA 3’end RNA mRNA Enters Cytoplasm http://www.dnatutorial.com/RNATranscriptionAnimation.shtml Translation What? mRNA Protein molecule Where? Cytoplasm Ribosomes are main organelles Translation When? When proteins are need, after mRNA is made Why? Proteins are vital for cells Enzymes, tissues, hormones, cell structure all require proteins The Genetic Code Translation: Defined Translation: to interpret a code into meaning. In biology: The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis. Proteins: Structure and Function Amino acids connect to form small chains called peptides, which get larger and form polypeptides. There are 20 amino acids useful to humans We consume these in our diet, our body makes a few Proteins: Structure and Function In anabolism, our body needs to assemble these amino acids into specific protein structures. A missing amino acid means an entire protein cannot be made—the RNA cannot “fill” the hole left by its absence A.A. allow the protein molecule to form its necessary structure Proteins have many structures/shapes Peptide Bond Formation: Dehydration Synthesis From Amino Acid to Protein Structure The Big Question? How do amino acids assemble themselves correctly? Translation How? Ribosomal Subunits Small subunit Large subunit Codon on mRNA Triplet nucleotide code used Each triplet codes for a specific tRNA attached to a specific amino acid Translation How? mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA are all used A couple definitions CODON: a triplet of nucleotides on the mRNA Triplet codes for a specific tRNA complementarity The codon is the genetic code ANTICODON: A triplet of nucleotides on the bottom of the tRNA Triplet anticodon complements the mRNA codon tRNA brings a specific amino acid The Genetic Code Test for Understanding the code A DNA sequence has the following bases: T A C - A G A-TTA-GGG-ATT What amino acids does it code for? (You'll need to use the codon chart) mRNA CODONS AUG UCU AAU CCC UAA Met–ser – asn – pro-stop AUG usually is “START” UAA is “STOP” Amino acid sequence is actually SER-ASN-PRO tRNA each has one specific amino acid and this is how amino acids “know” the sequence of attachment ! Recall tRNA Anticodon attaches to codon Amino acid valine is attached to this specific tRNA Valine will always attach to tRNA with the same anticodon Amino acid binding site is amino acid specific Summary Translation DNA Rap protein synthesis Protein Transport http://www.biologycorner.com/bio4/notes/gene-expression.php Why is this important? Genetic Engineering Gene Splicing Mutations Cloning http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html Castle Analogy Mutations Point Mutations Single base change Base-pair substitution Silent mutation No AA change Missense AA change Nonsense Stop codon change When do mutations affect the next generation? A Mutations leads to Sickle Cell Anemia What kind of mutation? Sickle Cell Anemia Mutations Frameshift Shift in reading frame Insertion Changes everything “downstream” Adding a base(s) Deletion Losing base(s) Which is more harmful – point or frameshift?