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Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function Cracking the Code What is DNA? • The genetic material in cells is contained in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, or _____. • Scientists describe DNA as containing a code. A code is a set of rules and symbols used to carry _____________________. • To understand how DNA functions, you first need to learn about the structure of the DNA molecule. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function Unraveling DNA What does DNA look like? • Experiments and imaging techniques have helped scientists to infer the shape of DNA. • The structure of DNA is a _________________ shape called a double helix. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What does DNA look like? • The two sides of the ladder are made of __________ and _____________ groups. • The rungs of the ladder are made of pairs of _________. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What does DNA look like? • A base, a sugar, and a phosphate group make a building block of DNA called a ________________. • There are four different nucleotides in DNA. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What does DNA look like? • The bases in nucleotides are paired, or _________. • A__________ always pairs with t_________ (A-T). • C__________ always pairs with g__________ (C-G). • The __________ of the nucleotides in DNA is a code that carries information. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What does DNA look like? • ____________ are segments of DNA that relate to a certain trait. • The code in the nucleotide order has information about which ___________ the cells should build. • The types of proteins that your body makes help determine your ____________. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function Replication and Mutation How are copies of DNA made? • The cell makes copies of DNA molecules through a process known as __________________. • During replication, the two strands of DNA separate. • The bases on each side of the molecule are used as a pattern for a new strand. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function How are copies of DNA made? • DNA unzips with the help of proteins. It unzips in the middle where the bases meet. _____________ nucleotides are added. • When replication is complete, there are two identical DNA molecules. • Before a cell _______________, it copies its DNA. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What are mutations? • ___________________ are changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA. • There are three main kinds of mutations: deletions, insertions, and substitutions. • In a ________________ mutation, a base is left out. • In an ______________ mutation, an extra base is added. • In a ________________, one base replaces another. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What are mutations? • Which type of mutation is shown in each row? (The first row is the original sequence.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function Protein Factory • Some of the information in the DNA is copied to a separate molecule called _______ or ribonucleic acid. • RNA is used to build proteins. • Like DNA, RNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone and the bases adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). • Instead of thymine (T), RNA contains uracil (U). • Three types of RNA have special roles in making proteins. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 2 Lesson 6 DNA Structure and Function What is the role of DNA and RNA in building proteins? • When a cell needs to make a protein, it makes an RNA copy of a section of the DNA. This is called _______________. • DNA is used to make a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA). • The information in the mRNA is then used to build proteins. This is called _______________. • The mRNA goes through a ribosome and tRNA brings amino acids to make a protein. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company