Download Biochemistry and the Genomic Revolution

Biochemistry and the
Genomic Revolution
DNA
• Why is DNA in the forefront of
modern biochemistry?
• What major event involving DNA
has recently occurred?
DNA
• What do we know about the
structure of DNA?
DNA
• What are the bases found in DNA?
DNA
• Where do we find the genetic
information in the DNA
molecule?
• What does a cell do with this
information?
DNA
• Why do we refer to DNA as the
double helix?
DNA
• What hold the two chains of the helix
together?
DNA
• How does the structure of DNA
relate to its function?
RNA
• How is RNA similar to DNA?
• How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA
RNA
• What roles does RNA play in the
cell?
– Carrier of genetic information
• m-RNA
– Part of the structure of ribosomes
• r-RNA
– Carriers of amino acids
• t-RNA
Proteins
• How is the structure of proteins
related to the structure of DNA?
• Why is the genetic code
universal?
• What determines the threedimensional shape of a protein?
Protein Structure
Unity & Diversity of
Living Organisms
• What evidence suggests that all
organisms are derived from a
common ancestor?
Unity & Diversity of
Living Organisms
Chemical Bonds
• Covalent versus non-covalent
bonds
Non-Covalent Bonds
• What types of non-covalent
bonds are there?
– Electrostatic
– Hydrogen bonds
– Van der Waals
Electrostatic
Interactions
• E = kq1q2/Dr
D=dielectric constant
Hydrogen Bonds
van der Waals
interactions
• Based upon changing electronic charge
distribution around atoms
• Asymmetry of charge of one atom induces
complementary asymmetry in neighboring
atoms
Water
• Why is water so important in
cellular biochemistry?
– Major component of most cells
– Polar structure make it an
important solvent
– Water is a cohesive molecule
Water
• Why does the presence of water
weaken electrostatic
interactions between ions?
• How can the ability of water to
act as a solvent cause a
problem in the cell?
Thermodynamics
• What is thermodynamics?
– Study of energy
• What does the first law of
thermodynamics say?
– Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed but may be transformed
Thermodynamics
• What is meant by entropy?
• What does the second law of
thermodynamics say?
– Entropy of the universe is always
increasing
Thermodynamics
Hydrogen on left
Oxygen on right
Mixing of hydrogen
and oxygen
Increase in entropy
Thermodynamics
Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
Entropy of system decreases but entropy of
surroundings increases.
Thermodynamics
• How do we know whether a
particular reaction will occur
spontaneously?
– Examine G – free energy change
– G = Hsystem - TSsystem
Thermodynamics
• What is the hydrophobic effect and
how does it relate to the folding of
proteins?
Thermodynamics