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Biochemistry and the Genomic Revolution DNA • Why is DNA in the forefront of modern biochemistry? • What major event involving DNA has recently occurred? DNA • What do we know about the structure of DNA? DNA • What are the bases found in DNA? DNA • Where do we find the genetic information in the DNA molecule? • What does a cell do with this information? DNA • Why do we refer to DNA as the double helix? DNA • What hold the two chains of the helix together? DNA • How does the structure of DNA relate to its function? RNA • How is RNA similar to DNA? • How is RNA different from DNA? RNA RNA • What roles does RNA play in the cell? – Carrier of genetic information • m-RNA – Part of the structure of ribosomes • r-RNA – Carriers of amino acids • t-RNA Proteins • How is the structure of proteins related to the structure of DNA? • Why is the genetic code universal? • What determines the threedimensional shape of a protein? Protein Structure Unity & Diversity of Living Organisms • What evidence suggests that all organisms are derived from a common ancestor? Unity & Diversity of Living Organisms Chemical Bonds • Covalent versus non-covalent bonds Non-Covalent Bonds • What types of non-covalent bonds are there? – Electrostatic – Hydrogen bonds – Van der Waals Electrostatic Interactions • E = kq1q2/Dr D=dielectric constant Hydrogen Bonds van der Waals interactions • Based upon changing electronic charge distribution around atoms • Asymmetry of charge of one atom induces complementary asymmetry in neighboring atoms Water • Why is water so important in cellular biochemistry? – Major component of most cells – Polar structure make it an important solvent – Water is a cohesive molecule Water • Why does the presence of water weaken electrostatic interactions between ions? • How can the ability of water to act as a solvent cause a problem in the cell? Thermodynamics • What is thermodynamics? – Study of energy • What does the first law of thermodynamics say? – Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but may be transformed Thermodynamics • What is meant by entropy? • What does the second law of thermodynamics say? – Entropy of the universe is always increasing Thermodynamics Hydrogen on left Oxygen on right Mixing of hydrogen and oxygen Increase in entropy Thermodynamics Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. Entropy of system decreases but entropy of surroundings increases. Thermodynamics • How do we know whether a particular reaction will occur spontaneously? – Examine G – free energy change – G = Hsystem - TSsystem Thermodynamics • What is the hydrophobic effect and how does it relate to the folding of proteins? Thermodynamics