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Translation Packet #11 Chapter #8 1 Introduction Translation The actual process of protein synthesis where the mRNA, made during transcription, is utilized along with ribosomes. 2 RNA Utilized During Translation REVIEW, AND TYPES, OF RNA 3 Types of RNA Continued… tRNA Transfer RNA Transports amino acid molecules to the ribosome Class of small RNA molecules that bear/carry specific amino acids to the ribsome during translation What are the building blocks of proteins? mRNA Amino Acids The amino acids will be used to create a protein chain rRNA Types of RNA snRNA rRNA Ribosomal RNA RNA found within the ribosomes used during translation. Two sizes 30S tRNA Large ribosome (subunit) 15S Small ribosome (subunit) 4 Types of RNA Continued… mRNA Messenger RNA An RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene Proteins are translated from mRNA by the help of RIBOSOMES Carries the GENETIC CODE, from DNA, used to create proteins mRNA rRNA Types of RNA snRNA tRNA 5 THE RIBOSOMES 6 Ribosomes Ribosome Acts as the site of protein synthesis in the cell There are two sized ribosomes used during translation Large Small 30S 15S The large subunit has three sites Attachment Site (A site) Polypeptide Site (P site) Exit Site (E site) 7 MRNA & THE GENETIC CODE 8 Introduction mRNA carries the genetic code in the form of codons. A codon is a group of three nucleotides that provide information necessary for a single, specific amino acid. 9 List of Codons & Amino Acids 10 TRNA AND THE GENETIC CODE 11 The Role of tRNA Recall that the role of tRNA is carry individual amino acids to the location where the polypeptide chain is growing. Hence, it must have something to match the codon found on the mRNA. This is called the anticodon A nucleotide triplet, found on tRNA, that aligns with a particular codon in the mRNA. However, it MUST be noted that the codon is the one that indicates what the amino acid will be. 12 STEPS OF TRANSLATION 13 Introduction There are five basic steps during the process of translation. Initiation Peptide Bond formation Elongation Translocation Termination Initiation Peptide Bond Formation Elongation Translocation Termination 14 Initiation Ribosome binds to the mRNA Initiator tRNA binds at start codon Start codon = AUG tRNA carries anti-codon UAC Initiator tRNA carries amino acid MET Ribosome binds to mRNA Small subunit binds to mRNA Large subunit binds to mRNA Initiator tRNA will be located at the P site of large subunit 15 Peptide Bond Formation Ribosome (rRNA) catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the new amino acid and the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptide 16 Elongation Elongation occurs when the incoming amino acid binds to the polypeptide chain through the formation of a peptide bond. 17 Translocation The ribosomes move allowing the tRNA’s to switch sites tRNA in the A (addition) site is translocated to the P (polypeptide) site tRNA in the E (exit site) leaves the ribsome mRNA shifts position New tRNA with anticodon enters the A site 18 Termination Release factor (a protein) binds at stop codon There are THREE stop codons UUA UGA UAG Polypeptide chain released from tRNA tRNA released from P site Ribosomes released from mRNA. 19 Special Note As the polypeptide chain is being completed, attaches and enters into another organelle known as the endoplasmic reticulum. Hence creating what is known as the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 20 THE DANGER OF MUTATIONS 21 Introduction Mutations occur when a nucleotide base, or nucleotide bases, has either been changed, inserted or deleted within a gene. 22 Gene Mutations When the base sequence of a molecule of DNA is altered, the sequence of nucleotides for the mRNA will also be altered. This results in a change in the amino acid sequence for the polypeptide change and hence changes a protein/enzyme. Mutation in gene Change in mRNA Change in the polypeptide sequence Change in the structure of a protein/enzyme Results in a severe consequence for the human body. 23 TYPES OF MUTATIONS 24 Types of Mutations Point Mutation Change a single nucleotide of a gene. 25 Types of Mutations Frameshift Mutation Addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides. Results in a change in the improper grouping of nucleotides in subsequent codons. 26 Types of Mutations Missense Mutation The most common type of mutation where the new codon still codes for AN amino acid (not necessarily the same amino acid) Nonsense Mutation A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to an amino acid codon that is a stop codon--usually resulting in a shorter, and non-functional form, of a protein 27 GENETIC DISORDERS RESULTING FROM MUTATIONS 28 Genetic Disorders Frameshift Mutations Huntington Disease Cystic Fibrosis Dominant allele disorder that results in death by the age of 40 Autosomal recessive disorder that results in excess excretion of lung mucous Hemophilia X-linked recessive disorder that results in the inability to clot blood 29 Genetic Disorders II Point Mutation Skin Cancer Proliferation genes have nucleotide bases thymine changed into uracil. UV light rays that enter skin cells. This results in the proliferation genes being constantly turned on 30 REVIEW 31 Review I Translation Process Mutations Initiation Mutation in gene Peptide Bond Formation Change in mRNA Elongation Change in the polypeptide sequence Translocation Change in the structure of a protein/enzyme Termination Results in a severe consequence for the human body. 32 Review II Point Missense Types of Mutations Frameshift Nonsense 33