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RNA Ribonucleic Acid & Protein Synthesis 8.4, 8.5, 8.7 Protein Synthesis Terms define these 11 terms for homework 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Central dogma Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon 6. Start codon 7. Stop codon 8. Mutation 9. Point mutation 10. Frameshift mutation 11. mutagens The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Information flows in one direction DNA Replication RNA Transcription Proteins Translation Structure of RNA 3 main differences between RNA and DNA 1. Sugar in RNA is ribose 2. RNA is single stranded 3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA mRNA- carries message from DNA to ribosome Ribosomal RNA rRNA- forms part of a ribosome reads message and assembles protein at ribosome Transfer RNA tRNA- brings amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome to help make protein The Process of Protein Synthesis Staring m RNA r RNA t RNA Act 1: Transcription Act 2: Translation Transcription process where a complementary strand of m RNA is formed from DNA Scene: The nucleus Transcription 1. Enzyme (RNA Polymerase) separates DNA strand 2. One strand of DNA used as template to assemble strand of m RNA. Translation Information from DNA is translated into a protein Takes place at the ribosome In the Cytoplasm Translation- Translating language of nucleic acids (base sequences) into language of proteins (amino acids) 1. Gene on DNA carries code to make protein a. Code written in language with only 4 “letters”, the nitrogen bases A,C,G,U b. Code read 3 letters at a time, each 3 letter “word” known as a codon Process uses all 3 types of RNA a. mRNA from nucleus travels to ribosome b. rRNA at ribosome reads genetic code from mRNA , calls for appropriate tRNA The Genetic Code consists of 20 amino acids c. Each tRNA has an anticodon whose bases are complementary to codon on mRNA. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes anticodon codon d. Ribosome moves along mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules and amino acids Mutations Change in the DNA May or may not be expressed Can be beneficial or lethal Can be spontaneous or caused by exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals (mutagens) Point mutation one nucleotide is substituted for another Frameshift Mutation Changes the way the DNA is read THE CAT ATE THE RAT Remove the E THC ATA TET HER AT The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide