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Transcript
The Cell Cell Theory and Structure Scientists Contributing to The Cell Theory Anton van Leeuwenhoek– one of the first people to study nature with a microscope– he made detailed drawings of little creatures he found in pond water Robert Hooke- Coined the term “cell”. He looked at cork through the microscope and said the compartments looked like the rooms that monks lived in “cells” Rudolph Virchow, Schleiden and Schwann said that cells come from other cells and all plants and animals are made of cells The Cell Theory All the scientists previously mentioned contributed to the Cell Theory which states: – All living things are composed of cells – Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms – New cells are produced from pre-existing cells Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes- simple cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Examples are bacteria Eukaryotes- complicated cells with a control center (nucleus) and other organelles (means little organ) Animals and plants have Eukaryotic cells Cell Structures- Animal Cell Plant Cell The Outer Cell Cell membrane- a thin, flexible barrier around the cell. Cell membranes are semi-permeable, meaning that they allow certain materials in and out of the cell Cell Wall- Thick, outer covering of plant cells, bacteria cells, fungi cells and algae cells. Cell walls provide support and protection for the cell. Made of cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi) Picture It! Cell Membrane Cell Wall The Nucleus Scottish botanist Robert Brown first identified the nucleus in 1831 The nucleus controls much of the cell’s activity and contains the cell’s hereditary information in the form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Almost all eukaryotic cells including plant and animal cells contain a nucleus Prokaryotic cells like bacteria have no nucleus The Nucleus, Cont. An Actual Nucleus Model of a Nucleus “Matrix” Nucleus Inside the Nucleus Chromatin- the granular material inside the nucleus. It is made of DNA bound to protein, and carries the hereditary information in the cell Chromosomes- chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division Nucleolus- Small dense region inside the nucleus that is responsible for the assembly of ribosomes, which make proteins Nuclear membrane- outer covering of the nucleus, allows a steady stream of RNA in and out. Nucleolus Chromatin Chromosomes Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape Also involved in many forms of cellular movement (cilia and flagella Microtubules are hollow protein tubes that maintain cellular shape and serve as “tracks” on which organelles can travel Microfilaments- protein filaments that provide structure for the cell Cilia and Flagella Organelles in the Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the liquid “goo” like material inside the cell. It is made of water and salts, and contains all the cell organelles (little organs) Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein. They assemble proteins following the coded information stored in the nucleus. Electron Microscope image of Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Internal membrane system in which cell membrane components are made and proteins are modified Smooth ER- does not contain ribosomes Rough ER- “studded” with ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER More Cytoplasmic Organelles Golgi Apparatus- packages and ships materials, attaches necessary carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. This organelle is a stack of sac-like membranes Lysosomes- breaks down carbohydrates and lipids, also “eats” dead organellescleans up the cell Vacuoles- store food and water for cells to use, plant cells have huge vacuoles Can you find the vacuole? Energy! Energy! Energy! Mitochondria- Found in both animal and plant cells. Breaks down glucose (food) to release energy (ATP) Chloroplasts- Found in plant, algae and some bacteria cells. Autotrophic, the organelle that converts sunlight into glucose Putting it All Together An Amazing Journey Tiny little cells are so very complex! Imagine taking a magic journey inside one of your cells… what would you see????