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Transcript
Cytoplasm & Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton: – Supports and shapes cell – Helps position organelles – Helps cell movement and division • Consists of microtubules and microfilaments • Cytoplasm: – A.K.A. Cytosol – The fluid (jelly-like) substance found throughout the cell – Helps position organelles Nucleus, Nucleolus, & Ribosomes – The nucleus stores genetic information. • Genetic information (genes) = instructions to make proteins – The nucleolus makes ribosomes – Ribosomes exit through nuclear pores and link amino acids to make protein. Endoplasmic Reticulum TWO KINDS: • RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) – Found right outside the nucleus. – Studded with ribosomes – Remember: ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum (cont.) • SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) – Breaks down alcohol – Can break down and make lipids Golgi Apparatus • A.K.A. Golgi Body • Looks like a stack of pancakes • Once a ribosome has linked amino acids to make a protein, the protein travels to the GOLGI APPARATUS • The golgi body processes, sorts and delivers protein.(think of a post office) • Proteins are packaged into vesicles. Vesicles – Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials, like protein, nutrients, or waste – Transports materials into or out of a cell. Golgi Body & Vesicle in action The process of making proteins is IMPORTANT!! Process Review 1) The nucleus has genes, which hold instructions for making proteins 2) Nucleolus (inside the nucleus) makes a ribosome 3) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER 4) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and exports them Mitochondria • Supplies energy to the cell – Think “Mighty Mitochondria” • Where metabolic processess take place Vacuole – Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials, like water. – Plants have a large Central Vacuole, which takes up lots of water. Lysosomes –Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. • Lysosomes have a license to kill. Centrosomes and Centrioles – Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. • Centrioles help divide DNA. • Centrioles form cilia and flagella. – Used for movement Plant cells have a couple of structures that are unique to plant cells only. • Cell wall – A cell wall provides rigid support. – Made of cellulose Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. •Where photosynthesis occurs. •Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight & converts it into glucose (sugar) •Chlorophyll is what makes the plants green. CO2 + H20 + sunlight Sugar + O2 • Endosymbiosis Theory: Chloroplast & mitochondria were freeliving organisms – Both were engulfed by a larger predator cell – Both gave the larger cell an advantage (make food and energy) – Predator cell provided each protection • Over time, these cells could not survive without the mitochondria & chloroplast • Evidence: Mitochondria & chloroplast contain own DNA, replicate, contain own ribosomes