Download Cell Notes - Fort Bend ISD

What does it mean to say
something is ALIVE?
8 Characteristics of Living Things
• Made of cells
• Reproduce
• Based on a universal genetic code
• Grow and develop
• Obtain and use materials and energy
• Respond to their environment
• Maintain a stable internal environment
• Taken as a group, living things change over
time
Living things are…
Made of Cells
Living things have…
The ability to reproduce
Living things are…
Based on a Universal
Genetic
Code: DNA
Living things …
Grow and Develop
Living things …
Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM
Living things…
Respond to
the
Environment –
Stimulus
Living things …
Maintain a stable
internal
environment
HOMEOSTASIS
Living things undergo…
Evolutionary Adaptation:
Species change over time
Cell Structure and Function
Look at the words below. Can you
order them from simple to most
complex?
What we will be looking at
the next few weeks
BiomoleculesOrganelle  Cell 
Tissue  Organ  Organ System 
Organism
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
If its not made up of at least one cell, it
is NOT living!
Cells carry on similar functions like
obtaining energy and removing waste
Types of Cells
Two kinds of cells depending on whether
they have a nucleus
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Genetic
material
Prokaryotes
 Usually small and simple
 Genetic material (DNA)
is not contained in a
nucleus
 The ONLY prokaryotes
in the world are
BACTERIA.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes
 Usually larger and more
complex than
prokaryotes.
 May be unicellular like
an amoeba or
multicellular like a plant
 Contain dozens of
specialized structures
called organelles.
 Includes protists, fungi,
plants and animals.
Eukaryotic cell structure
Two major parts:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm-portion of the cell outside the
nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus-The control center
Function:
Contains almost all of the cell’s DNA for
coding proteins and other molecules.
DNA is found on chromosomes which contain
genetic information.
Nucleus-The control center
 Structure:
 Surrounded by a double
membrane called a
nuclear envelope. It is
dotted with many pores
(holes) to allow materials
(RNA, proteins, etc) in
and out of the nucleus.
 Small internal region
called a nucleolus where
ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes
 Function:
Site of protein
assembly.
 Structure:
Small pieces of RNA
and protein found
throughout the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function:
 Site where lipid parts of
cell membrane are made,
along with proteins and
other materials to export
from the cell.
 Structure:
 Rough ER- has ribosomes
on surface to assemble
proteins
 Smooth ER-NO ribosomes
on surface
Golgi Apparatus
 Function:
Modify, sort, and
package proteins and
other materials from
the ER for storage in
the cell or release
from the cell. It puts
the finishing touches
on proteins.
 Structure:
Stack of closely
packed membranes
You have 3 minutes to compare your
notes with a neighbor. Be sure to ask
questions and fill in any blanks you may
have in your notes at this time.
Lysosomes-The Clean Up Crew
 Function:
 Breakdown of lipids,
carbohydrates and
proteins into small
molecules to be used by
the rest of the cell
 Breakdown used up
organelles
 Get rid of all “stuff” in
the cell
 Structure:
 Small, filled with
enzymes
Vacuoles - Storage
 Function:
Stores water, salts,
proteins and
carbohydrates
 Structure:
Sac-like
Plant cells have one
large central vacuole
Animal cells have many
small vacuoles
Mitochondria - Energy
 Function:
 Convert chemical energy
in food into materials
easier for the cell to
use.
 Structure:
 Enclosed by two
membranes with the
inner membrane folded
up.
 Contains it’s own DNA
(unlike other organelles)
that is identical to your
mother’s!
Chloroplasts – Energy in Plants
 Function:
 Captures energy from the
sun (solar energy) and
changes it into food
(chemical energy) for plants
(photosynthesis)
 Structure:
 Surrounded by two
membranes
 Contains own genetic
information like
mitochondria
 Contains green pigment
called chlorophyll
 Not found in animal cells!
With your neighbor, list similarities and
differences between mitochondria and
chloroplasts. Be prepared to share with
the class.
Cytoskeleton- structure and support
 Function:
Helps maintain cell
shape
Helps with movement
of the cell (i.e. flagella
and cilia)
 Structure:
Two types:
microfilaments and
microtubules
Cell Membrane
 Function:
 Regulates what enters
and leaves the cell
 Provides protection and
support
 Structure:
 Double membrane called
a lipid bilayer
 Flexible structure that
forms a strong barrier
between the cell and its
surroundings
Cell Wall
 Function:
Provides support and
protection for the cell
 Structure:
Lies outside the cell
membrane
Found in plants, algae,
fungi and many
bacteria
NOT FOUND IN
ANIMAL CELLS!
Individually, write down 3 differences
between plant and animal cells.