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Transcript
The Cellular Basis of Life Chapter 3 Part 1 The Magic School Bus: Goes Cellular Introduction to Cell Biology – Chemical in the cells • Major Elements – – – – Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) “Biology is the search for chemistry that works.” Trace Elements – Calcium (Ca)- blood clotting – Iron (Fe)- hemoglobin – Iodine (I)- controls metabolism – Electrolytes- carry an electrical charge http://www.ehu.es/biomoleculas/PROT/hemoglobin.jpg Iodine Deficiency http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_01_060103/li10764_fm-4.jpg http://carondelet.net/PeriodicTable/I/iodized%20salt.jpg Water in the Cell – Cells are 60% water – Interstitial fluid • Dilute, saltwater around cells • Site of all exchanges between cells and blood Variations in Cells- Length Over 1 meter 2 micrometers http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/shs/jmcCartney/redcell.jpg http://www.acticare.com/conditions/images/sciatic_nerve2.jpg Variations in Cells- Shape • Red Blood Cells- disk shaped • Nerve Cells- spindle shaped • Smooth Muscle CellsThreadlike • Epithelial CellsCubes http://www.idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season3/brain/Images/neuronlabels.gif Variations in Cells- Function • Over 200 cell types found in the body The Generalized Cell – Demonstrates the basic parts that all cells contain – Has three parts • Nucleus • Plasma Membrane • Cytoplasm http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~sugnet/documentation/biology_starter/images/animal_cell_580_915.jpg The Nucleus – Nuclear Envelope • The membrane of the Nucleus – Nucleoli • Where ribosomes are assembled • Round, dark staining bodies – Chromatin • DNA combined with protein • When the cell divides the DNA condenses into chromosomes Plasma Membrane • Fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment – Lipid Bilayer – Proteins – Glycoproteins Lipid Bilayer • Phospholipid • Cholesterol http://www.biology.arizona.edu/chh/problem_sets/kidneysmetals/graphics/bilayer.gif Proteins • scatter the surface of the plasma membrane – Receptors for hormones – Transport Proteins http://www.science.org.au/nobel/1996/images/picture-0.jpg http://www.nirgal.net/graphics/coli_protein.jpg Glycoproteins • Blood type • Cell-cell communication http://www.funhousefilms.com/glycolip.jpg Specializations • Microvilli – finger-like projections to increase cell’s surface area Specializations • Tight Junctions – impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets • Desmosomes – Anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from falling apart • Gap Junctions – Allow communication – Connexons- hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membrane Cytoplasm – Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plama membrane – Site of most cellular activities (factory) – Three Elements • Cytosol- semitransparent fluid • Organelles- parts that have specific functions • Inclusions- non-functioning units Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoplasmic Organelles • Mitochondria – Enzymes break down food and capture the energy in ATP molecules – Liver and muscle cells have hundreds of mitochondria http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/roanoke/mitochon.gif Cytoplasmic Organelles • Ribosomes – Made of proteins and rRNA – Site of protein synthesis • Endoplasmic Reticulum – System of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist through the cytoplasm – Rough ER- studded with ribosomes – Smooth ER- cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification http://dragon.seowon.ac.kr/~bioedu/bio/ohp/t-021.jpg Cytoplasmic Organelles – Golgi Apparatus – stack of flattened sacs – Modifies and packages proteins Cytoplasmic Organelles – Lysosomes – Sacs of powerful digestive enzymes – Digests wornout cell structures and most foreign substances – Peroxisomes http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~s2s/latest/cell1/src/tutorial/lysosome.html – Sacs that contain powerful oxidase enzymes – Detoxify poisonous substances and disarm free radicals Cytoplasmic Organelles • Cytoskeleton – Provides cells framework and cells shape – Microfilaments- cell motility and makes changes in cell shape – Intermediate Filamentsform desmosomes and resists pulling forces – Microtubule- overall shape of a cell and important in cell shape Cytoplasmic Organelles – Centrioles – Rod-shaped bodies that are at right angles – Other Cell Structures – Cilia- whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface – Flagella- Longer projection that moves the cell Cell Diversity • Trillions of cells in the body, 200 different cell types Cells that connect body parts • Fibroblast- secretes cable-like fibers • Erythrocyte (red blood cell)- carries oxygen in the blood stream Cells that cover and line body organs – Epithelial cell- pack together into sheets Cells that move organs and body parts • Skeletal and Smooth Muscle cells- contract in order to move bones or internal organs Cell that stores nutrients • Fat cell- stores a lipid droplet Cell that fights disease • Macrophage- digest infectious microorganisms Cell that gathers information and controls body functions • Nerve cell (neuron)- send electrical signals Cells of reproduction • Oocyte- female egg cell • Sperm- male cell with flagellum