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Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html 1665Robert Hooke ______________________ used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork and saw “little boxes” He called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells Microscope image: http://www.answers.com/topic/microscope Cork image: http://www.cortex.de/img_kork/cork_cells_big.jpg Hooke image: http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/upload/5/5c/Hookeyoungmtwb.jpg 1673Anton van Leeuwenhoek ___________________________________ a Dutch microscope maker was the first to see LIVING ORGANISMS. Microscope/Leeuwenhoek image: http://www.answers.com/topic/microscope Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm 1838German botanist Matthias Schleiden __________________________ concluded that ALL PLANTS are made of cells Plant image: http://www.epa.gov/maia/images/classification.gif Schleiden image: http://web.visionlearning.com/events/Schleiden_Apr5_2005.htm 1839German zoologist _________________________ Theodor Schwann concluded that ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS Schwann image: http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm Animals image: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.htm 1855German medical doctor Rudolph Virchow _____________________ saw dividing cells in the microscope and reasoned that cells come from other cells Virchow: http://www.parlament-berlin.de/Galeriecopy.nsf/0/8ABC720262898739C1256A480037F869?OpenDocument Mitosis: http://biology.dbs.umt.edu/biol101/labs/lab_6_images/sect01and06/Rebecca,%20tanner,%20and%20liam%20mitosis%20root%20tip.jpg CELL THEORY 1. All living things are ________________________. MADE OF CELLS 2. Cells are the basic unit of STRUCTURE & _____________ FUNCTION ____________ in an organism. life (cell = basic unit of _____________) 3. Cells come from the reproduction of ____________ cells existing Cell image: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm All living things made of cells BUT… organisms can be very different. Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/bacsiz.GIF UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif CELL SIZE http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/gdavis/links%20100.htm Typical cells range from: 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter How big is a micron ( µ ) ? http://www.talentteacher.com/pics/005cb.jpg 1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS. They have different kinds of cells doing different jobs Image from: http://www.isscr.org/images/ES-cell-Fig-2.jpg Cells in a multi-cellular organism become SPECIALIZED by turning different genes on and off Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg Cell Specialization =DIFFERENTIATION SPECIALIZED ANIMAL CELLS Muscle cells Red blood cells http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg Cheek cells http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~ajohnson/Cells.html Specialized Plant cells Guard cells Xylem cells Pollen Guard cells: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/img/Botany_130/Diversity/Bryophytes/Anthoceros/Guard_cells.jpg Xylem: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Secondary_Growth/Woody_Stems/Tilia_Stem/Secondary_Growth/One_Year_Stem/Primary_xylem_MC.j Pollen: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/pollen.jpg ATOMS ________ MOLECULES __________ ORGANELLES ___________ IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide CELLS TISSUES ____________ ____________ Similar cells working together IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide The cell • The basic unit of structure and function in all _________ things. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. (Schleiden and Schwann) • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. (S/S) • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. (Virchow) Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Two Types of Cells •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Plant Animal • Most living organisms http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell Cell Wall/ Cell Membrane Entering (and exiting) the cell CELL WALL • A stiff wall that surrounds the cell membrane, giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape • Function: protection & support • This structure is only on the plant cell CELL MEMBRANE • Forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment • Function: controls what comes in and out of the cell Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Inside the Cell Nucleus • Acts as the “brain” of the cell or the control center • Directs all of the cell’s activities • Where DNA is found Nucleus • Cells without a nucleus: ______________ • Cells with a nucleus: ________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material DNA Nucleus • The nucleus of the cell contains the genetic information (DNA) Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material Cytoplasm • A gel-like fluid found throughout the entire cell wherein the organelles are found. • It is constantly moving so the cell does not need to propel itself. Mitochondria • The “powerhouse” of the cell • Produces energy for the cell Proteins in the cell • Endoplasmic Reticulum – Carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another • Ribosomes – Factories that produce proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Endoplasmic Reticulum & Ribosomes Golgi Bodies • The cell’s “mailroom” • Receives proteins and other materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them to other parts of the cell. Lysosomes • Cell’s cleanup crew • Breaks down old cell parts and releases the substances so they can be used again. Vacuoles • Membranebound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Plant Cells • Larger vacuoles • Chloroplast • Cell wall • Cells have definite shape Animal Cells • Smaller vacuoles, some have no vacuoles • No cell wall and no chloroplast • More lysosomes • More mitochondria VACUOLES • • • • Storage area of the cell Stores food and water Plants have one large vacuole for water Some animal cells have them & others do not Chloroplasts • Capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell • Found only in the plant cell Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html