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Transcript
Cell Structure and Organelles Unit 2 - Cells Cellular Boundaries PAGE 203-204 Cell Membrane • Surrounds all cells in a double layer of lipids! • Is selectively permeable ▫ Some things can get in/out, others cant • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ Regulates what enters and leaves ▫ Protection ▫ Support Cell Wall • Found outside of the cell membrane • Found in ▫ Plants ▫ Fungi ▫ Algae ▫ Prokaryotes • MAIN FUNCTION: ▫ Provide support – helps plants stand vs. gravity ▫ shape ▫ Protection Cell Organization on the Inside! PAGE 196-197, 199 Nucleus • All Eukaryotes including plants and animals have a nucleus • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ Contains DNA (in the form of chromatin) coded instructions for making proteins & other molecules • Contains the following parts ▫ Nuclear Envelope membrane for protection and to allow RNA & proteins in and out (through nuclear pores) ▫ Nucleolus Makes ribosomes! Cytoskeleton (Cytoplasm) • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ Made up of protein pieces that helps give the cell shape. ▫ Involved in many forms of cell movement ▫ Houses most of a cells organelles Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support PAGES 198-199 Vacuoles • MAIN FUNCTION – storage area for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • A sac-like structure • Many plant cells have a single, large vacuole filled with liquid. ▫ Helps to support heavy structures such as stems and leaves • Also found in single-celled organisms and animal cells. Vacuole in a Plant Cell Notice how much room the vacuole takes up in the cell!!! Vesicles • Found in all EUKARYOTIC cells • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ Store and move materials between organelles and to the cell surface Lysosomes • Filled with enzymes • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the cell ▫ Break down organelles that are no longer useful Centrioles • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ used in cell division to separate chromosomes during mitosis • Usually only found in animal cells in the cytoplasm Organelles That Build Proteins PAGE 200-201 Ribosomes • One of the most important jobs in the cell is making proteins ▫ Free ribosomes work in the cytoplasm ▫ Bound ribosomes are stuck on the ER (they are what makes it a “rough” ER!) • MADE OF – small particles of RNA and proteins • MADE IN – the nucleolus • MAIN FUNCTION – make proteins ▫ They do this by following coded instructions that come from DNA in the nucleus Free and Bound Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ▫ Involved in making protein ▫ Has ribosomes on the surface (how it gets its name) ▫ MAIN FUNCTION: Modifies proteins • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ▫ No ribosomes on surface ▫ MAIN FUNCTION: Make lipids Interesting ER Facts • ((You should write these down!!) • Cells that produce hormones have many Smoother ER’s ▫ Example: testes and ovaries have LOTS of smooth ER • The liver is the main organ in your body for drug and alcohol detoxification – therefore, the cells of the liver have many smoother ER too!! The Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) • After proteins are made by the RER, they move to the Golgi • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ packages, sorts, stores proteins and other materials from the ER. Organelles That Capture and Release Energy Page 202 Chloroplasts • Found in plants and SOME other organisms (bacteria and algae!!!) • Animals and fungi do NOT contain chloroplasts • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which makes a plant look green! • MAIN FUNCTION ▫ use energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis Mitochondria • MAIN FUNCTION – release energy from stored food molecules to be used to power growth, development, and movement. • Nearly all eukaryotes have mitochondria • Important, cells that need more energy have more mitochondria. ▫ Muscles ▫ Heart