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Transcript
How do prokaryotic (bacteria) cells reproduce? simulation (sim u ‘la shen) (noun) - a controlled model of a situation used to study it Meteorologists run simulations of the atmosphere in order to predict the weather Binary Fission or Asexual Reproduction Cell Organelles! Cell Membrane • Also called plasma membrane • Protects and supports the cell • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • Lipid Bilayer (what does this mean??) • Found in all cells – prokaryotes and eukaryotes! Cell Wall • Found in eukaryotic plant and protist cells; also in prokaryotes • Adds protection, rigidity, and support • Outside of cell membrane • Made of cellulose (a polysaccharide!) • Allows water and dissolved substances to pass through. The Nucleus • Controls most activities in the cell • Contains DNA – the coded instructions for making proteins & other molecules for the cell • The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores, where things can enter or leave See? Nucleolus • Small, dense region in the middle of the nucleus • This is where ribosomes are formed. Cytoplasm • Clear fluid within cell that contains all organelles • Moves materials throughout the cell It’s the light blue/gray stuff in this picture Ribosomes • Makes proteins in the cell • May be free in cytoplasm or attached to ER In prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Proteins are vital to lifeall cells must produce them!!! • Stacks of membranes used for storing, modifying, or packaging chemicals • Packaged chemicals can be stored inside the cell or secreted outside the cell • Cells that make saliva or mucus have many Golgi bodies Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum • Series of folded membranes that form sacs or tubes • Rough ER has ribosomes attached Smooth vs. Rough ER Smooth ER Rough ER •Smooth - no ribosomes! •Ribosomes make it look rough or bumpy •Synthesizes (makes) lipids •Detoxifies drugs •Ribosomes synthesize (make) proteins, so the Rough ER is where this happens! Lysosomes • Found near Golgi • Contain digestive enzymes to digest unwanted particles • Help white blood cells to destroy bacteria • Clean-up crew! censored!!! Vacuoles • Store food, water, or waste materials • Plant cells have large vacuoles Vacuoles and lysosomes working together! Amazing! Astounding! Chloroplasts • Found in eukaryotic plant cells & some protist cells • Chloroplasts capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis Mitochondria • Energy producers – the “powerhouse” of the cell! • Convert chemical energy into useable energy • Many mitochondria in muscle cells – why?? • Found in all eukaryotes, including animal & plant cells • Contain DNA from ovum – so all your mitochondria are from your mom! Endosymbiotic Theory • Mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria • Chloroplasts are the result of endocytosis of photosynthetic bacteria • Endocytosis: A substance gains entry into a cell without passing through the membrane Evolution of Mitochondria Evolution of Chloroplast Does the timing make sense? • Prokaryotes were present before eukaryotes Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have many characteristics of free living bacteria: 1- contain DNA similar to bacterial DNA 2- have ribosomes of similar size and structure to those of bacteria 3- reproduce by binary fission like bacteria Cytoskeleton • Overlapping network of filaments and fibers that support the cell and help it maintain its shape • Can also help cells move • Microfilaments and microtubules • Centrioles help to organize the cell during cell division Centrioles • They migrate to either side of the cell and help to pull it apart • Only found in animal cells! Centrioles are made of microtubules Types of Eukaryotes: Animal vs. Plant Cells Animal cells Plant cells • No cell walls (only cell/plasma membrane) • No chloroplasts • Many small vacuoles for storage • Cell wall (gives rectangular shape) and cell/plasma membrane • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis • One large central vacuole Plant Cell Animal Cell The End I Cells!