* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1111138443_282428
Survey
Document related concepts
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 3 CELL STRUCTURE © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction • The cell is the basic unit of biological organization • Basic composition – Protoplasm – Cell membrane – Organelles • Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. History of the Cell Theory • Proposed in 1830s by Schleiden and Schwann • Modern cell theory – Cells are smallest complete living things – All organisms are composed of one or more cells © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. History of the Cell Theory (cont’d.) • Modern cell theory – Cells arise only from other cells – All existing cells are descendants of the first cells © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ANATOMY OF A TYPICAL EUKARYOTIC CELL © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Cell Membrane • Double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Cell Membrane (cont’d.) • Membrane transport: selectively permeable membrane – Osmosis – Protein channels – Active transport – Fluid mosaic model © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cytoplasm of the Cell • Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid – Solution vs. colloid • Individual vs. clumped atoms or ions distributed in medium © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cytoplasm of the Cell (cont’d.) • Polar compounds go into solution • Nonpolar compounds go into colloidal suspension © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Nuclear membrane has pores to allow substances passage • Chromatin genetic material inside nucleoplasm • Nucleolus: site of ribosome formation © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Mitochondria • Powerhouses of the cell • Cristae: inner folds where cellular respiration occurs • Energy requirements of cell determine cristae number © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lysosomes • Digestive enzyme packages • Function – Digest stored food – Maintenance and repair of organelles – Suicide agents for old or weak cells © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endoplasmic Reticulum • System of membranes that makes up channels • Connects with outer nuclear and cell membranes • Cisternae: sac-like or channel-like cavities © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endoplasmic Reticulum (cont’d.) • Rough ER – For protein synthesis – Attached ribosomes • Smooth ER – Fat transport – Sex hormone synthesis © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endoplasmic Reticulum (cont’d.) • Golgi apparatus – Collection of flat saclike cisternae – Concentration and collection of cellular compounds – Storage warehouses of the cell – Carbohydrate synthesis site © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ribosomes • • • • Distributed throughout cytoplasm Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum No membrane covering Site of protein synthesis © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ribosomes (cont’d.) • Protein functions – Structure, enzymes or catalysts, immune response • DNA contains the code for a particular protein – DNA found in nucleus © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ribosomes (cont’d.) • Transcription – Messenger RNA copies DNA code and leaves nucleus • Translation – Transfer RNA picks up amino acids – Ribosomes link amino acids together © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ribosomes (cont’d.) © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Centrioles • Centrosome: two centrioles at right angles to each other – Composed of nine sets of triplet fibers • Form spindle fibers during cell division • Guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cilia and Flagella • Hairlike protrusions from cell membrane • Nine double fibrils around two single central fibrils • Cilia move materials across cell surface • Flagellum propels cell through a medium © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Animation – Anatomy of a Typical Cell Click Here to Play Anatomy of a Typical Cell Animation © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Plastids of Plant Cells • Chloroplasts – Most common plastid – Photosynthesis: conversion of light into chemical energy – Granum • Made of thylakoids • Connected by lamella © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Plastids of Plant Cells (cont’d.) • Chromoplasts: carotenoid pigments • Leucoplasts: store food • Cell membrane surrounded by cell wall © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Plastids of Plant Cells (cont’d.) • Cell wall composed of cellulose – Cellulose • Dietary fiber • Synthesized by Golgi bodies • Animal cells do not have cell walls © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary • Discussed the modern cell theory and its origins • Discussed the different parts of eukaryotic cells including the cell membrane, cytoplasm and organelles © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (cont’d.) • Discussed protein synthesis • Described some of the differences between plant and animal cells © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.