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Transcript
“A Tour of the Cell” Microscopes Light microscope Visible light passes through specimen Ocular x objective = magnification Up to 1000x Owen and the microscope Microscopes Electron microscopes Better resolving power Up to 100,000x Scanning EM: surfaces Transmission EM: internal parts Kinds of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Kinds of Cells Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Animal vs. plant cells Cytoplasm: between nucleus & plasma membrane Cytosol: fluid portion of cytoplasm Plant Cell Plasma Membrane Structure Mostly proteins & lipids Phospholipids Phosphate “head”: water-loving Lipid “tail”: water-fearing Form a bilayer Plasma Membrane Structure Proteins inserted in bilayer Fluid mosaic: phospholipids & proteins drift around Plasma Membrane Function Selectively permeable Only certain materials come in or go out Some “traffic” regulated by proteins Other proteins perform other functions Functions of Membrane Proteins Nucleus Control center Surrounded by nuclear envelope Similar to plasma membrane Chromatin DNA & other proteins Chromosome: each fiber of chromatin Looks like tangled mess Nucleolus: ribosome production Ribosomes Not in nucleus Build cell’s proteins Some suspended in cytosol Some attached to endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus & Ribosomes How DNA Controls the Cell Transfers coded message to RNA RNA carries message out of nucleus to rest of cell Tells ribosome what protein to make Endomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Endoplasmic Reticulum System of tubes & sacs Manufactures molecules Rough & smooth ER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes on the outside Produce 2 types of proteins Membrane Secretory Transport vesicles: bud from ER Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum No ribosomes Synthesis of lipids Steroids Sex hormones Detox of drugs Golgi Apparatus Refines, stores & distributes products Close partnership with ER Lysosomes “Breakdown body” Sac of digestive enzymes Destroy harmful bacteria Recycle parts of damaged organelles Most plant cells lack Lysosomes: Nutrient Digestion Food (nutrients) enter cell Food engulfed by food vacuole Lysosome fuses with food vacuole Chemicals in lysosome digest food Beneficial products released Lysosomal Storage Diseases Tay-Sachs disease Genetic Lysosomes lack lipiddigesting enzyme Nerve cells accumulate excess lipids Die in childhood University of AZ Vacuoles Variety of functions Storage, transport, etc… Plants have a large central vacuole Endomembrane Review Energy-Converting Organelles Chloroplasts Only in plants & some protists Photosynthesis Energy-Converting Organelles Mitochondria Cellular respiration Energy from food converted to chemical energy (ATP) Almost all eukaryotic cells Cytoskeleton Fibers that extend through cytoplasm Provides support Anchors organelles Cilia & Flagella Extensions of cytoskeleton Propulsion Fluid movement Plant Cell Surfaces Cell walls Surround plant cells Protection, support, prevents cell from exploding Made of??? Plasmodesmata: connect adjacent plant cells Animal Cell Surfaces No cell walls Extracellular matrix: holds cells together Cell junctions: connect adjacent cells