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Transcript
The Cell Outline • • • • What is a cell? The microscope Cell Theory 2 main types of cells • • • • Cellular Organization Plant vs. Animal cells Cell functions Cells –> Organisms What is a cell? • Cell: the smallest part of any living thing – Most are too small to be seen by the naked eye – Come in many different sizes Nerve Cell • Nerve cells in your leg can be up to 1 meter long • Human egg cells are no bigger than the dot of this i • Human blood cells are 10x smaller Egg Cell Red Blood Cells The Microscope • Microscope: an instrument which makes an object appear larger than it is – Robert Hooke and Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope • Hooke looked at cork • von Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water Our Microscopes • 3 viewing powers – 4x = 40 times larger – 10x = 100 times larger – 40x = 400 times larger • What power do you always begin with when looking at an object? – 4x Microscope Parts Eye Piece Body Tube Revolving Nose Piece Arm Objective Lens Objective Lens Objective Lens Stage Stage Clips Coarse Adjustment Knob Diaphragm Fine Adjustment Knob Light Source Base Cell Theory • 3 Parts – Every living thing is made up of one or more cells • Unicellular or multicellular – Cells carry out the functions needed to support life – Cells only come from other living things 2 Main types of cells • Prokaryotic: cell without a nucleus – Unorganized cells – Found only as unicellular organisms – Ex: bacteria – Have caused some of the worst human diseases in the history of the world • • • • The Black Plague AIDS Small Pox Ebola • Eukaryotic: cell with a nucleus – Organized Cells – Fungi, plants, animals are all made of eukaryotic cells – We are made up of eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Cellular organization • Eukaryotic cells all have parts that do different jobs • Each part is called an organelle • There are 2 types of Eukaryotic cells – Plant Cells – Animal Cells Organelles • Cell Wall: – tough, rigid outer covering that protects the cell and gives it shape – outer most part of the plant cells Cell Wall in Algae Organelles • Cell Membrane: – protective layer that acts as a barrier between the cell and what is outside of it Cell Membrane Model • allows water in • lets waste get out – Outer most layer of animal cells – Found inside the cell wall of plant cells Actual Cell Membrane Organelles • Nucleus: – Directs all activities in the cell – Called the “control center” of the cell – Usually one of the largest organelles in a cell – Nucleolus – part of nucleus where ribosomes are made Organelles • Cytoplasm: – Gelatin-like substance that constantly flows inside the cell – Holds all of the organelles in place – Cytoskeleton: part of the cytoplasm that gives it structure Organelles • Mitochondria: – Produces energy by breaking down food • Energy released is then used by the cell – Certain cells have more mitochondria than others. Which ones and why? • Muscle cells have more mitochondria because they use more energy Organelles • Chloroplast: – Uses sunlight to make energy (sugar) • Sugar is used as food for the plant • Extra sugar is stored – Contains chlorophyll • Chlorophyll: substance that makes plants green Organelles • Ribosome: – Small organelle that makes proteins – Made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm – Some float freely in the cytoplasm – Others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Organelle • Lysosome: – Breaks down food, wastes, and old cell parts – Contains digestive enzymes to break materials down • A membrane prevents those enzymes from getting into the cell • When a cell dies its lysosome breaks down and the digestive enzymes destroy the cell Organelle • Golgi Bodies: – Sorts and packages proteins and other substances • Put them into tiny packages called vesicles • Vesicles then carry them to other parts of the cell – Organelle made up of stacked, flattened membranes – Also carry wastes out of the cell Organelle • Endoplasmic Reticulum: also called the ER – Organelle that is made of a bunch of folded membranes • Extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane – Used to transport materials through the cell – Smooth ER: has no ribosomes on it – Rough ER: has ribosomes on it Organelle • Vacuole: – – – – Used to store materials Can store water, waste, and food Extremely large organelle Water in the vacuole is used to support the structure of smaller plants Organelles • Animal Cells – – – – – – – – Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Lysosome • Plant Cells – All from Animal Cells list – Cell Wall – Chloroplast – Vacuole