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Transcript
Cells
Mr. Balog- Biology
Cell Theory
• All living things are
composed of one or
more cells
• Cells arise from preexisting cells (cells
contain the hereditary
information of the
organisms of which
they are apart)
• The cell is the basic
unit of life
Microscopes
• Light (Compound
Microscope)- allows
us to view Eukaryotic
cells, some
organelles and some
bacteria
• Electron Microscopecan view all cells,
viruses and small
molecules
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
• The difference between the two groups is the presence or
absence of a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
• Prokaryotes are also much smaller
Eukaryotic Cells
• All Eukaryotic cells have a defined
nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles and a
cellular membrane.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
• Every cell has some form of cell membrane that holds the cell
together. Membranes are thin, flexible, and have
passageways to let materials in and out of the cell.
Membranes are found in all living
organisms.
• The cell membrane regulates movement of matter
into or out of the cell.
• Also called the Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
• The cell membrane consists of two
basic parts:
i. a phospholipid bilayer (“fluid”)
ii. membrane proteins (“mosaic”)
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
• The plasma membrane of all cells is semipermeable and selectively permeable.
• It allows for sufficient passage of oxygen,
nutrients and wastes to serve the entire
cell.
Cell Wall
•
•
•
•
Found only in plants
The thick outer wall of a plant cell
Provides structure and support to plant
Made up of cellulose
• Plants do not have bone
Cell Wall
Nucleus
• All Eukaryotic cells have a clearly defined
nucleus.
• The nucleus is defined by the nuclear
membrane.
• The nuclear membrane is a double
membrane.
• The nuclear membrane contains pores
that allow for the movement of particles.
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Function of the Nucleus
• The nucleus contains all of the genetic
information of the cell, DNA.
• It controls all of the daily activities of the cell
(protein synthesis) and acts like a “brain”.
• DNA is loosely organized as chromatin (DNA
and proteins) unless the cell is undergoing
division where the chromatin becomes more
organized to form chromosomes.
Nucleolus
• A small dark
shaped circle
within the
nucleus.
• It synthesizes
the parts that
make up the
cells
ribosomes.
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like substance inside the cell
• Dissolves nutrients throughout the cell
• Suspends organelles so that they don’t bump into
each other
Organelles- Structure and Function
• Organelles are the different components
that make up the cell
• They are like the organs of the cell, all with
different structures and functions
Ribosomes
• Very very small snowman shaped
organelles
• Responsible for protein synthesis
• Tony Roma’s
• RIBS = protein
• RIBS = RIBoSomes
Endomembrane System
• The endomembrane system includes the
nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane),
endoplasmic recticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuoles (plants) and the
plasma membrane
• Each part of the endomembrane system
has a different structure and function
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Means “within the cytoplasm” and
“network” in Latin.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
– long system of tubes and canals throughout
cell
– provides for intracellular (inside the cell)
transport of molecules
• like a subway system in a city
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• When ribosomes are attached to the ER, it
appears “rough”
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic Recticulum
Golgi Apparatus
• These folded stacks of membrane are
responsible for storing, modifying, and
transporting newly synthesized materials
in the cell.
• Looks like a stack of pancakes
• Packages materials (proteins) for export
throughout the cell or outside of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
• Membrane enclosed
sac of enzymes
• Digest large
molecules (4 organic
compounds)
• Acidic Environment
Powerhouses of the Cell
• Mitochondrion
– organelle within all cells
– looks like a long worm inside a sandwich bag
– produces ATP (energy)
– site of cellular respiration
• Chloroplast
– organelle within plant cells only
– captures light energy
– site of photosynthesis
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Chloroplasts
Plant Vs. Animal
• Plant cells and animal cells differ in a few
ways.
1) Only plant cells contain chloroplasts
2) Plant cells contain a LARGE central
vacuole
3) Only plant cells contain a cell wall
4) Only animal cells contain lysosomes
5) Animal cells have centrioles
Plant Vs. Animal
Cytoskeleton
• Copy p. 129 chart into your notes
Cilia and Flagella
• P. 131 of your textbook
• Cilia are small and hair-like. They move in
a swaying motion.
• Flagella are larger and move in a swirling
motion.
Cilia and Flagella
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
• Cells are restricted to a size that assures a
surface area to volume ratio that provides a
sufficient membrane area to meet the
transport needs of a cell.
• Explained mathematically, as surface area is
squared, the volume is cubed.
• When the cell membrane can no longer
provide the cell with material for life
processes or rid the cell of wastes – the cell
divides.
• As a cell increases in size, its volume grows
faster than does its surface area
(membrane).
Surface
Area to
Volume
Ratio
Regulation of Cellular Environment
• Permeable means
– any molecule may pass through the membrane
• Non-permeable means
– nothing can pass through the membrane
• Semi-permeable means
– only water (or your favorite molecule) can pass through
the membrane
• Selectively permeable means
– only things of a certain size may pass through the
membrane.
• Example is a baseball diamond’s mesh backstop
– golf balls may pass through, but basket balls may not.
» The hole size is related to the particle size.
Diffusion
• Diffusion
– passive (no energy is required)
– the movement of anything from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
• e.g. a bad fart in the corner of the classroom.
Osmosis
– passive
– the movement of WATER through a semipermeable membrane
– from an area of high water concentration to an
area of low water concentration.
Active Transport
• Active Transport
– uses ATP to move (pump) molecules…
• against a concentration gradient
• or with a concentration gradient but at a faster
speed than can be accounted for by simple
diffusion
– e.g. seaweed near Vancouver contains 200 X
the iodine concentration compared to the
surrounding water.
Extreme Transport
• Endocytosis
– bringing material into the cell
– Pinocytosis
• Cell drinking
– Phagocytosis
• Cell eating
• Exocytosis
- material leaving the cell