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Chapter 4: The Cell
Section 4-1: Introduction to the
Cell
Discovery of the Cell
Robert Hooke (1665)
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
 The cell theory

 Matthias
Schleiden (1838)
 Theodor Schwann (1839)
 Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Section 4-2
Introduction to Cells
Cell Diversity

Shape
 Determine

function
Size
 Limits:
Surface area to volume ratio
 (Figure
4-5)
Cells

Basic Parts
 Plasma
membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Control center

Two types
 Prokaryotes
 Eukaryotes
Human Cell
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Organization

Cells 
 Tissues 
Organs 
Organ Systems 
Organism
Multi-Cellular Organism
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Section 4-3
Cell Organelles and Features
Cell Membrane
Function - Selectively permeable
 Structure

 Phospholipid
bilayer
 Membrane proteins
 Peripheral
 Integral
 Cholesterol
 Fluid
mosaic model
Phospholipid
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Phospholipid Molecules
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Membrane Proteins

Peripheral
 Recognition
 Connections
 Receptors

Integral
 Channels
 Pumps
– carbohydrate chains
Q.O.D.
Which organelles are involved in
protein synthesis and what is their
role?
The Nucleus
Nuclear matrix
 Nuclear envelope

 Nuclear
pores
Chromatin/Chromosomes
 Nucleolus

Nucleus via TEM
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The Organelles
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
 Mitochondria

 Function:
energy (ATP)
 Structure:
 Double
membrane
 Cristae – inner membrane
 Matrix and intermembrane space
 Contain own DNA
 Divide on their own
 Contain own ribosomes
Mitochondrion
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
Ribosomes
 Free
or attached
 Made of proteins + RNA
 Function: Protein synthesis

Enodplasmic Reticulum
 Structure:
 Membranous
tubules and sacs
 Smooth ER vs. Rough ER
 Function depends on type of ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Q.O.D.
What are the roles of the
cytoskeleton?
Golgi Apparatus
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
Golgi apparatus
 Packages
and delivers
 Flattened stack of membranes
 Modifies proteins to be exported

Vessicles
 Lysosomes
– Hydrolytic enzymes
 Peroxisomes
 Protein synthesis
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Processing of Proteins

Cytoskeleton
 Functions
 Shape/Size
 Support
 Movement
 Structures
 Microfilaments
- actin
 Microtubules
 Spindle
fibers

Cilia
 Short,
hair-like projections
 Beat in waves
 Unicellular organisms
 Respiratory tract

Flagella
 Long,
tail
 Whipping motion

Centrioles
Section 4-4
Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Comparing Plant and Animal
Cells
Plant Cells
Plant Cells

Cell Wall
 Support
and protection
 Cellulose
 Primary/Secondary

Vacuoles
 Storage
 Large,
central
Plastids

Features:
 Own
DNA, ribosomes
 Reproduce on their own
 Two membranes

Types:
 Chloroplast
 Thylakoids
 Stroma
and grana (granum)
Chloroplast
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The Chloroplast