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Transcript
Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html History of Cell Discovery Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things Robert Hooke 1635 – 1703 Hooke was one of the first people to observe cells He published a book, Micrographia, in 1665. It had ideas about: the life cycle of mosquitoes origin of craters on the moon fossils and drawings of microscopic things. Thin slices of cork from the cork tree. (tiny rooms – cells) He was really looking at dead cells – what was left was the cell wall. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope He looked at: drops of lake water scrapings from gums and teeth water in rain gutters He saw tiny moving organisms and called the wretched beasties “animalcules.” Bacteria from the mouth 200 years later… Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) German botanist 1838 he suggested that all plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) German zoologist 1839 suggested that animals, not just plants are made of cells Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) German doctor 1855 “all cells come from cells” The work of these last three men led to… The Cell Theory Robert Hooke 1665 • First to see “cells” under a microscope that he created. Anton Van Leewenhoek 1674 • One of the first scientist to observe living things in pond water with a single lens microscope Robert Brown- 1831 • Discovered the cell nucleus Matthias Schleiden - 1838 • First to discover that plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann • Discovered that all animals are made up of cells Rudolph Virchow • Virchow's many discoveries include cells in bone and connective tissue • In 1855 he published his now-famous aphorism omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell stems from another cell"). The Cell Theory • All living things are made up of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • New cells are produced from existing cells. The cell theory states: All living things are made of one or more cells The cell theory states: Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things The cell theory states: Living cells only come from other living cells The Cell Theory The modern tenets of the Cell Theory include: 1. All known living things are made up of cells. 2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does not occur). 4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. 6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function -smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Two Types of Cells •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Prokaryotic Cells • “Simple” Cells • Do not contain a nucleus. • Does contain a cell membrane and cytoplasm. • Example: Bacterial cell Eukaryotic Cells • “Complex” Cell • Contains a nucleus and several membrane bound organelles in addition to cytoplasm and a cell membrane. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html Animal Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Plant vs. Animal Cells Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Inside the Cell Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cell Organelles • http://www.execulink.com/~ekimmel/drag_ gr11/organell.htm • http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/S bi3a1/cells/cellquiz.htm • http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/cellquiz .html