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Transcript
Why So Small? Describe why you think cells are so small? Process Box Cells are small! • Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period. • Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. • However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s • Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses • Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens Discovery of Cells • In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork. • He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments. • He gave them the name “cells” • Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space. Discovery of Cells, cont. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth. • This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes • In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water • Named these cells: “animalcules” Discovery of Cells, cont. • Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification • This led more people to make more observations on more organisms. • They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing • Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?” Cell Theory • In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells. • Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells • Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells. • In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products Cell Theory, cont. • Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation. • This led scientists to study the process of cell division • They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong • In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells HOOKE _____________ CORK The first to IDENTIFY ____________ cells. Responsible NAMING for ____________ them LEEUWENHOEK _____________ SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN VIRCHOW _____________ _____________ _____________ ANIMALCULES Made better LENSES ______________ and observed cells in greater DETAIL ______________. First to observe NUCLEUS ______________ • Cell Theory The first to note Concluded that all LIVING ___________ that THINGS ___________ _____________ PLANTS were made up of were made up of CELLS ___________ CELLS ___________ Proposed that all cells come from OTHER ____________ __________ CELLS ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS 1. ___________________________________________________________ THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. 2. ___________________________________________________________ ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS 3. ___________________________________________________________ Who is “The Man’ After hearing about the Cell Theory, and the history of its development, which one scientist do you feel influenced the Cell Theory most and why? Process Box Categories of Cells Prokaryotes • • • • NUCLEUS Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________ No membrane-bound _______________ ORGANELLES DNA ___________is suspended within cytoplasm Are microscopic,SINGLE-CELLED ____________organisms Eukaryotes • • • • NUCLEUS Have a ______________ ORGANELLES Contain membrane-bound _____________ DNA The nucleus encloses the ___________ SINGLE-CELLULAR MULTI-CELLULAR or ______________ May be ___________ Categories of Cells EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ SECTION 3.1 REVIEW 1. How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory? The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further. 2. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles. 3. Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes. Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists. The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells. 4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms? Both have a nucleus. Make Predictions Think about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to perform in order for you to survive. Process Box _________________________________________________ The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape _________________________________________________ and holds in cytoplasm. _________________________________________________ (Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and _________________________________________________ out of the cell.) CELL _______________ MEMBRANE _______________ The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane ____________________________________________ and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell ____________________________________________ (Most of all cell activity occurs here.) ____________________________________________ _______________ CYTOPLASM The control center of the cell. ___________________________________________________ Parts of the Nucleus: _________________________________________________ Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. __________________________________ Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus __________________________________ Nucleolus __________________________________ Chromosomes __________________________________ NUCLEUS _______________ The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ________________________________________ Nuclear Membrane in Green NUCLEAR _______________ MEMBRANE _______________ NUCLEAR _______________ PORES _______________ __________________________________________ Thread-like cell parts with information that __________________________________________ determines what traits a living thing will have. Chromosomes in Red CHROMOSOMES _______________ HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES. ________________________________________ NUCLEOLUS _______________ MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY. _____________________________________ FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND ____________________________________________________ THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM _________________________________________ RIBOSOMES _______________ ___________________________________________________ Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear _____________________________________ membrane and visa versa. ____________________________________________ (Can usually find ribosomes on this network.) ENDOPLASMIC _______________ RETICULUM _______________ INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS How can you tell the difference between the locations of the cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the nucleus compared to the nucleolus? • Process Box: Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell. _________________________________________________________________________ MITOCHONDRIA ____________ Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ LYSOSOMES ____________ Packages materials for the cell. _______________________________________ Animation ______________ GOLGI ______________ APPARATUS Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION ____________________________________________ Stores food and water for cell _______________________________________ ANIMAL CELL Contains many small vacuoles ____________________________ PLANT CELL _____________________________ Contains one large “central _____________________________ vacuole that takes up most of _____________________________ the space inside of a plant cell VACUOLE ________ Label the organelles of this animal cell. 1. NUCLEOLUS _________________ 2. NUCLEUS _________________ 3. RIBOSOMES _________________ 4. VESICLE _________________ 5. ROUGH _________________ ER 6. GOLGI _________________ BODIES 7. CELL _________________ MEMBRANE 8. SMOOTH _________________ ER 9. MITOCHONDRIA _________________ 10. VACUOLE _________________ 11. CYTOPLASM _________________ 12. LYSOSOME _________________ 13. CENTRIOLES _________________ Cell Comparison Study the cells on the board, what characteristics sets the two types of cells apart? • Process Box: http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell _______________________________________________________ membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape. _______________________________________________________ (More rigid than cell membrane.) _______________________________________________________ ______ CELL ______ WALL Inner life of cell The ____________________________________________ plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, ____________________________________________ chlorophyll, which are responsible for ____________________________________________ producing food. ______________________ CHLOROPLASTS 1. ____________________ 10. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 6. ____________________ Plant Cells There are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from animal cells. • Process Box: 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 1. ____________ 8. ____________ 4. ____________ 7. ____________ 6. ____________ 5. ____________ 1._____________ 2._____________ 3._____________ 12.__________ 4._____________ 5._________ 6._________ 7.________ 9._____________ 8._____________ 12._______ 10.___________ 11.___________ 3._________ 1.____________ 2.____________ 4._________ 6._________ 5._________ 7._________ 8._________ 9._________ 10.___________ 12.___________ 11.___________ 2._________________ 1._____________ 3.__________ 4.______________ 5.______________ 6.________________ 7._________________ 1._____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4.____________ 10.____________ 5._____________ 6._____________ 9.____________ 7.____________ 8.____________ 2._______________ 3._______________ 4.______________ 1._______________ 5._______________ 6._______________ 7._______________ 8._______________ 2.__________________ 1.__________________ 12.__________________ 3._______________ 4.______________ 11.__________________ 10.__________________ 5._______________ 9.__________________ 8.__________________ 7.__________________ 6.__________________ 11._____________________ 10.___________ 9._____________________ 1. _________ 8. ______________________ 7. ______________________ 6. ______________________ 5. ______________________ 3. _______________ 2. ____________ 4. ______________________ 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 12. _____________ 11. _____________ 10. _____________ 9. _____________ 3. _____________ 8. _____________ 7. _____________ 6. ________________ 4. _____________ 5. _____________ 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ___________ 11. __________ 4. __________ 5. ___________ 6. ___________ 7. ___________ 10. ____________ 8. _________ 9. ____________________ Assessment Anchor Homeostasis and Transport • Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell. – Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell – Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane, (i.e., passive transport-diffusion, osmosis, facilitate diffusion; and active transport-pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis. – Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell. • Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments. – Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation). 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell. • Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. • There are two types of passive transport. • diffusion • osmosis 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis • Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. • Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis • There are three types of solutions. • isotonic – concentrations are equal hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies • Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst • hypertonic hypotonic 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. • Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. • Facilitated diffusion diffusion through transport proteins. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. • Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell. • Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell • Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis CELL TISSUE leaf stem vascular tissue ORGAN lateral roots primary root shoot system SYSTEMS root system • Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function. • Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. • Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions. ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS 1. ___________________________________________________________ THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. 2. ___________________________________________________________ ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS 3. ___________________________________________________________