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Animal Form & Function Physiology AP Biology Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential More negative inside cell than outside Why? Large negatively charged proteins & nucleic acids Na+/K+ pumps maintain high [Na+] outside cell and high [K+] inside cell Nerve Impulse Transmission Resting potential Membrane potential = -70 mV Nerve Impulse Transmission Depolarization Stimulus causes Na+ gates to open Na+ rushes into cell Nerve Impulse Transmission Repolarization Na+ gates close & K+ gates open K+ rushes out of cell High [Na+] inside cell High [K+] outside cell Nerve Impulse Transmission Hyperpolarization K+ gates slow to close More K+ moved out than necessary Nerve Impulse Transmission Refractory period Na+/K+ pumps move Na+ out of cell K+ into cell Restores resting potential distribution of Na+ and K+ Transmission Across a Synapse Synapse Gap between neurons Transmission Across a Synapse Stimulus reaches synaptic end bulb Transmission Across a Synapse Ca2+ gates open Ca2+ enters end bulb Transmission Across a Synapse Vesicles with neurotransmitter migrate to presynaptic membrane Transmission Across a Synapse Vesicle fuses with presynaptic membrane Transmission Across a Synapse Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft Transmission Across a Synapse Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft Transmission Across a Synapse Neurotransmitter binds to receptor protein Transmission Across a Synapse Postsynpatic neuron depolarizes Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Depolarization of muscle causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Ca2+ exposes binding sites on actin Myosin heads bind to actin Cross bridges form Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Myosin heads lose ADP + P Myosin heads change shape Actin pulled toward center of sarcomere Muscle contracts Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model ATP binds to myosin heads Cross bridges break Muscle relaxes Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Steroid Hormone Steroid hormone enters cell Steroid Hormone Steroid hormone enters cell Binds to receptor Steroid Hormone Steroid hormone enters cell Binds to receptor Hormonereceptor complex enters nucleus Causes transcription DNA transcribed RNA translated Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Activates enzyme Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Activates enzyme Enzyme used to make cyclic AMP Protein Hormone Protein hormone too big to enter cell Binds to receptor Activates enzyme Enzyme used to make cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP targets cell responses Kidney Filtration Formation of filtrate Waste, nutrients, water, ions, proteins move from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule Kidney Reabsorpton Nutrients, ions, & water move from filtrate back into blood Kidney Secretion Ions & wastes more from the blood into the filtrate Kidney Bowman’s capsule Filtrate production Blood pressure forces small solutes, water & ions from blood into capusule Kidney Proximal convoluted tubule Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients Kidney Loop of Henle Descending limb Water reabsorbed Wall permeable to water but not solutes Kidney Loop of Henle Ascending limb Wall impermeable to water and solutes Cells actively pump Na+ and Cl- out of tubular fluid Kidney Distal convoluted tubule Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins Variable reabsorption of water and Na+ Kidney Collecting duct Variable reabsorption of water and ions Variable secretion of water and ions Balancing act homeostasis