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TWO CATAGORIES FOR
DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
PROKAYOTE
• Smaller and simpler
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• No nuclei
• Some DNA within
cytoplasm
• All bacteria are
prokaryotes
• They grow, reproduce,
respond to change
• Some move
EUKARYOTE
• Vary in shape, some large
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• Have nuclei and many
other organelles
• Some single-celled beings
• Many multi-celled beings
• All plants, animals, fungi,
and many microorganisms
are eukaryotes
Cell Membrane
Location
•Outer boundary of animal and
protist cells. Outer edge of
cytoplasm.
Function
•Regulates what enters and exits
the cell
•Supports cell structures and
provides strong barrier between
cell and surroundings.
Construction
•Lipid bilayer, also containing
proteins and carbohydrates
Cell Wall
Location
Outer most boundary in
plant, bacteria and fungi
cells
Function
• Provides support and
protection for the cell
•Helps maintain cell
shape
Nucleus
Location
•In all cells but bacteria cells
•Often most prominent
structure in center of cell
Function
•Controls cell processes
•Stores hereditary
information of DNA
•Codes for protein synthesis
(making of proteins most
important role of cell)
Nuclear Envelope
Location
•Surrounds nucleus
Function
•Double membrane layer that
contains pores which allow
material to move into and out
of the nucleus
•Steady stream of RNA and
other info-carrying molecules
to the rest of the cell
Nucleolus
Location
•Dark spherical mass
inside the nucleus
Function
•Assembly of
ribosomes begin
here
Cytoplasm
Location
•Material inside the cell
membrane but not including
the nucleus
•Contains many structures
called organelles
•Some cells may contain
cytoskeleton
Function
Establishes living condition
to supply and transport
materials for cell activities
Cytoskeleton
Location
•Extending from nucleus to
cell membrane in some cells
Description
•Made up of protein
filaments called
microtubules and
microfilaments
Function
•Helps cell maintain shape
and involved in many forms
of cell movement
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Location
•Extend from nuclear envelope to
cell membrane
Description
Rough E.R. – contain ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not contain
ribosomes
Function
•Transport materials
•Rough E.R. modify proteins for
secretion
•Smooth E.R. contains enzymes that
make lipids
Ribosome
Location
•In nucleus, cytoplasm,
and Rough E.R.
Function
•Produce proteins
following coded
instruction that come
from the nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
Location
•Near E.R. and nucleus
Function
•Stack of membranes that
accept proteins produced by
the rough E.R.
•Contain enzymes that attach
carbohydrates and lipids to
proteins (“package proteins”)
•Proteins then sent to final
destinations
Plant Vacuole
Location
•Saclike structure in the cytoplasm
Description
Plant cells – Single, large central
vacuole
Function
•Store materials such as water,
salts, proteins and carbohydrates
•Pressure in plant vacuole aid in
support of plant cell (lack of water
– wilting)
Vacuoles
Location
•Saclike structures in the
cytoplasm
Description
Animal & Protists – Small,
multiple vacuoles
Function
•Store materials such as water,
salts, proteins and carbohydrates
•Remove excess water from cell
(contractile vacuole)
Lysosome
Location
•Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
•Rare in plant cells
Function
•Small organelles filled with enzymes
that break down lipids, carbohydrates
and proteins from food into particles
that can be used by the rest of the
cell.
•Also a “cell cleaner” to break down
old organelles and dead pathogens.
© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
Mitochondria
Location
•Throughout the cytoplasm
•More numerous in cells that have
high energy requirements.
Function
•Organelles that release energy in
the form of ATP from stored food
molecules (glucose)
Cellular Respiration
Note: Mitochondria contain some
of their own genetic info or DNA
that is essential to the function of
the mitochondrion.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chloroplasts
Location
•Found in cytoplasm of plants,
some protists and bacteria
Function
•Use energy from sunlight to
make energy-rich food
molecules (glucose).
Photosynthesis
Note: Chloroplasts contain
some of their own genetic info
or DNA that is essential to the
function of the chloroplast.
Centrioles
Location
•Paired structures just outside
the nuclear envelope in the
cytoplasm
•Only in animal cells
Function
•During cell division, centrioles
separate and take up positions
on opposite sides of the nucleus
•Help organize the spindle that
separate the chromosomes
Cilia & Flagella
Cilia
Location
•Both extend from the surface of
the cell
Description
Cilia – numerous, short, hair-like
projections
Flagella- one or two, longer
whip-like structures
Function
Both used to propel individual
cells through environment
Flagella
Venn Diagrams
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Animal Cells
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Small vacuole
Go to
Section:
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplasts
Golgi apparatus
Large vacuoles
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton