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Transcript
Cells 1 Life Processes • Eating • Drinking • Excreting waste (urinating, defacating, sweating, exhaling…) • Making babies • Respirating • Birth, Growth, Death First to View Cells • In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells) 3 First to View Cells • Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells 4 Anton van Leeuwenhoek • In 1674, Leeuwenhoek (Dutch microscope maker), first to view living unicellular organisms • Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & teeth scrapings 5 Another important guy… Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, 18041881 Plants are made up of cells! 6 One more important guy Zoologist, Theodore Schwann 1810-1882 Concluded animals are made of cells 7 History of Cells & the Cell Theory Dr. Rudolph Virchow, 1821-1902 Cells only come from the division of other cells 8 Number of Cells Organisms may be: • Unicellular – one cell • MulticellularMade of many Cells organized into tissues 9 THE BIG CELL THEORY 1 All living things are made of cells. 2 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms. 3 All cells can only come from other cells. 10 Cells are broken into two main groups - Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotes consist of bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes include all other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals) 11 Prokaryotes aka Bacteria Contains: •DNA •Cell membrane •Cell wall •Cytoplasm • Ribosomes (have no membrane) 12 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 main cell parts: • Nucleus • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm with organelles 13 Basic Eukaryotic Cell 14 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell 15 Eukaryotic cells have Organelles • Have specific functions • Very small size • Can only be observed under a microscope • Found in cytoplasm 16 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, 17 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells No Chloroplasts Have chloroplasts Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present 18 ….More Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall 19 Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA in the form of chromosomes Bound by a nuclear membrane 20 More on the Nucleus Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics 21 Nucleolus • Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli • Inside nucleus • Disappears when cell divides • Makes ribosomes that make proteins 22 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT out of the cell, like saliva, insulin, etc. Smooth ER attaches sugars and puts some of the finishing touches on the protein 23 Golgi Bodies • Stacks of flattened sacs • Have a shipping side & a receiving side • Receive & modify proteins made by ER • Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle 24 Lysosome • Contain digestive enzymes • Break down food, worn out cell parts, engulfed bacteria • Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) 25 Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion (mitochondria) Kidney bean shape Site of Cellular respiration 26 In Animal Cells: Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP 27 Animal Cell Organelles • Near the nucleus • Paired structures • Help cell divide 28 Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable 29 Cell or Plasma Membrane Cell membrane • Fluid-like living layer • Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell 30 Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place 31 More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion 32 Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) • Process called photosynthesis 33 Cell Wall Cell wall • Nonliving layer • Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells 34 Plant Cell Cell wall • Dead layer • Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers • Freely permeable 35 Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells 36 Plant Cell Cell wall Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell 37 Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments 38 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell 39 vacuole cytoplasm nucleus mitochondrion glycogen granule Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy cell membrane 40 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell Paramecium 41 42