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THE CELL
Animal Cell
nucleus
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleolus
nuclear membrane
chromatin
nucleoplasm
ribosome
lysosome
mitochondrion
cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Golgi
vesicle
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
vacuole
centrioles
cytoplasm
Plant Cell
vacuole
chloroplast
cell wall
mitochondrion
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
ribosome
chromatin
cell membrane
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm
nucleolus
Structures of a Cell
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cell wall
ribosomes
cilia / flagellum
nuclear membrane
large vacuole
cell membrane
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
small vacuole
centrioles
secretory vesicles
nucleolus
mitochondria
lysosome
Golgi apparatus
chloroplast
nuclear pores
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleoplasm (chromosomes)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
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1. nucleolus
2. nucleoplasm (chromosomes)
3. nuclear pores
4. nuclear membrane
5. small vacuole
6. secretory vesicles
7. Golgi apparatus
8. mitochondria
9. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10. rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. ribosomes
12. cytoskeleton
13. cell membrane
14. cell wall
15. centrioles
16. large vacuole
17. lysosome
18. chloroplast
19. cilia / flagellum
20. cytoplasm
VIDEO
May 22, 2017
7
The Cell Membrane
(also called Plasma Membrane)
The cell membrane is made up of two layers of
phospholipids.
One Phospholipid Molecule
• polar head (dissolve in water or soluble in water)
• non polar tails (do not dissolve in water or insoluble in
water)
Therefore, the head is attracted to water and the tails
are not attracted to water.
The Cell Membrane
Aside from phospholipids, the cell membrane also
contains many other molecules such as carbohydrates
and proteins.
protein channel - tunnels that allow
water or specific small ions in/out of cell
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a mosaic because it is made up of
many pieces, just like a mosaic. It is fluid because of the
phospholipid structure.
integral
protein
phospholipid
fatty acid tails
carbohydrate
peripheral
protein
phopholipid
bilayer
phosphate
head
protein channel
The Cell Membrane
The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
General Structure of a Cell
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
Cells are bathed in an aqueous solution called extracellular
fluid.
There are many different kinds of cells, which are
specialized to carry out particular functions.
In spite of this, cells have many common features.
May 22, 2017
12
Cell Part
cell membrane
cell
wall
cytoplasm
ribosomes
Plant, animal
or both
both
Function
•semi-permeable
•controls what enters/leaves
•composed of phospholipid
bilayer, proteins,
carbohydrates
plant
•tough rigid outer boundary
•protection
both
• fluid that the cell organelles
are suspended in
both
•make proteins
Cell Part
Plant,
animal
or both
Function
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
(SER)
both
• canals throughout cytoplasm to
transport materials
• make fats
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
(RER)
both
• canals with ribosomes attached
(area for protein synthesis)
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
both
animal
• stacks of membranes which modify
protein for secretion (export)
• packages them into vesicles
• contain enzymes (proteins) that
can break down molecules (food,
bacteria, wastes, the cell itself)
Cell Part
Plant,
anim
or both
Function
mitochondria
both
•powerhouse of the cell
•produces energy (cellular respiration)
chloroplast
plant
• free-floating membrane-bound sac
where photosynthesis occurs
vacuoles
both
DNA/chromatin
/chromosome
both
• large (plants), small (animals)
membrane-bound sacs filled with
water
• turgor pressure
•genetic material
•contains instruction for what
proteins to make
Cell Part
Plantanimal
or both
Function
nucleus
both
• control centre of the cell
• directs all of the cell’s activities
nuclear
membrane (1.)
both
• porous double membrane
• separates nucleus from cytoplasm
nucleoplasm
(2.)
both
• a mixture of chemicals that
stores information
• rich in nucleic acids
nucleolus (3.)
both
• dense body in the centre of the
nucleus thought to make
ribosomes
Organelles and Digestion
There are several organelles involved in the process of
digestion.
Some vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus are called
lysosomes. Lysosomes are found only in animal cells.
Lysosomes contain special proteins called enzymes which help
them digest food by breaking it down into its building blocks.
Food particles brought into the cell (through the cell
membrane) from extracellular fluid may be digested this way.
Potentially harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria and
viruses can force themselves into a cell. Lysosomes can digest
the harmful organisms so the cell is not harmed. When an
animal cell gets old, lysosomes break open and decompose the
entire cell. The organism then uses the resulting compounds to
build new cells.
Organelles and Cellular Respiration
There is one main organelle involved in the process of
cellular respiration.
Many important chemical reactions occur in the
mitochondria. These reactions contribute to cellular
respiration, a series of chemical changes that produce
compounds that cells use as a source of energy.
Cells that require large amounts of energy, such as
muscle cells in animals and root tip cells in plants, usually
contain large numbers of mitochondria. Cells that do not
require large amounts of energy, such as most fat cells in
animals and leaf cells in plants, have smaller numbers of
mitochondria.
Organelles and Protein Synthesis
There are several organelles involved in the process of protein
synthesis.
Ribosomes are organelles used by the cell to produce proteins (protein
synthesis). Ribosomes are either floating in the cytoplasm or attached
to membranes (ER). Free-floating ribosomes produce proteins that are
used inside the cell, and membrane-attached ribosomes manufacture
proteins for use outside the cell. Ribosomes are so small that they
appear as small fuzzy dots under the microscope.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a complicated system of membranous
tubes and canals that connect with the nuclear envelope. There are two
types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER),
containing attached ribosomes, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER), with no ribosomes.
Because the RER contains ribosomes, many proteins are manufactured
in it.
General Structure of a Cell
Homework
• page 15 # 2, 3, 4, 6