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Transcript
Chapter 6-10 AP Biology • Please take a moment to complete the KWL sheet that you picked up as you came in. • When you finish, complete the pre-lab questions for the lab that we will do later today. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek- first to view and describe single-celled organisms, “animalcules” • Robert Hooke- coined the term “cells.” • Types of Microscopes • Light Microscope- used to study living cells. • Scanning Electron Microscope- used for study of the topography (surface) of a specimen. • Transmission Electron Microscope- used to study the internal structure of cells. • Cell Fractionation- a technique used for studying cells- takes cells apart and separates major organelles from one another. • All living things are made of cells. • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. • All cells come from pre-existing cells. • Eukaryotic cells contain DNA in the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells contain DNA in a concentrated region called the nucleoid. • Plasma Membrane- a selective barrier (semipermeable) that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from the cell. • The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer embedded with diverse proteins. • As you ___________ the cell size, you ____________ the surface area to volume ratio, which ___________ the efficiency of transport across the cell membrane. • Name the three main types of microscopes and what they are used for. • What does cell theory say? • Where is the DNA stored in a prokaryote? • Nucleus- contains cellular DNA which includes most of the genes in the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. • The nuclear envelope is a double membrane made of 2 lipid bilayers. Includes pore structures that help regulate things entering and exiting the nucleus. • Nuclear Lamina- a net of protein filaments that maintain shape of nucleus and support nuclear envelope. • Chromosomes- structures that carry genetic information (DNA). Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule. • Each eukaryotic species has a distinct number of chromosomes. • Chromatin- the complex of DNA and protein making up chromosomes. • Nucleolus- helps synthesize rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and ribosomes. • Ribosomes- made of rRNA and proteins- carry out protein synthesis. • Ribosomes exist as either free ribosomes (suspended in cytosol) or bound ribosomes (attached to the Rough ER or nuclear envelope) • Endoplasmic Reticulum- consists of membranous tubules, and sacs, called cisternae. • Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes. Functions lipid synthesis, detoxification, and storing calcium ions. • Rough ER- has ribosomes on surface. Continuous with the nuclear envelope. Synthesizes glycoproteins and other secretory proteins. • Golgi Apparatus- made of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Has 2 sides the cis face (receiving) and the trans face (shipping). • Lysosome- contains hydrolytic enzymes used to digest molecules. • Phagocytosis- “cell eating”- lysosome digesting food • Autophagy- lysosome breaking down damaged organelles. • Vacuole- functions vary depending on cell type. • Food Vacuole • Contractile Vacuole • Central Vacuole • Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration. • Cellular Respiration- the process that uses O2 to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels. • Chloroplast- found in plants and algae- the site of photosynthesis. Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. • Is a member of the plastid family- a group of plant organelles. • Peroxisomes- contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). • Describe the protein’s path through the cell, starting with the mRNA molecule that specifies the protein. • What sets the limit on how big or how small a cell is? • Cytoskeleton- a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm- plays a major role in organizing the structure and activities of the cells. • Motor Proteins- allows for cell movement. • Microtubules- the thickest cytoskeletal fiber, provide a track that organelles with motor proteins can move along. Help separate chromosomes during mitosis. Form flagella and cilia. • Centrosome- region where microtubules are organized. Contains a pair of centrioles. Only in animal cells. • Microfilaments- the thinnest fiber. Actin and myosin filaments help muscle cells contract. Aide in pseudopodia movement by converting cytoplasm from a liquid to a gel. • Cytoplasmic Streaming- circular flow of cytoplasm within cells. Speeds distribution of cell materials. • Intermediate Filaments- more permanent fixtures, fix the position of organelles and shape of the cell. Include keratin proteins. • Cell Wall- extracellular structure of plant cells. Protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water. Holds the plant up against gravity. • Primary Cell Wall, Middle Lamella, Secondary Cell Wall • Plasmodesmata-perforations in the plant cell wall that allows cytoplasm to be continuous between neighboring plant cells. • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)- glycoproteins, carbohydrates and proteoglycans that form strong fibers outside of cells. • Tight Junctions- forms a seal around the cell by pulling neighboring cells close together. • Desmosomes- fasten cells together in strong sheets. • Gap Junctions- form channels from one cell to adjacent cell.