* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download video slide - Mr. Patrick Wagner's Teacher Web Site
Survey
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Cell http://www.twigcarolina.com/films/what-is-a-cell- 3195/?s_cid=em_ctgen_201408&utm_source=bronto&ut m_medium=email&utm_term=Image++Watch+the+Video%3A+What+is+a+Cell%3F&utm_con tent=pwagner%40marisths.org&utm_campaign=2014+Aug ust+General+Tips Overview: The Importance of Cells All organisms are made of cells. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live (grow, metabolize, reproduce, make adjustments). Light Microscopes are used to view cells like this one RELT 50 µm Differences in Cells 1. Size: --smallest @ 0.25μm Mycoplasma hominis --largest @ 0.75 mm Thiomargarita namibiensis 162,000X The “sulfur pearl of Namibia” Chaos chaos (1-5 mm) Siphonous green algae (1m long) A human egg cell = 100 µm Vs. human sperm cell = 5 µm 2. Number --unicellular (Bacteria, Protists like ameba & algae) --multicellular (Plants, Animals, Fungi, & some Protists) 3. Kind/type A. Prokaryote means “before kernal” OR B. Eukaryote means “true kernal” Which one has a nucleus inside? 4. Plants vs. Animals (lab) Prokaryote 1. No nucleus (do have DNA) 2. Size: 0.1 to 10 µm 3. No membrane bound organelles 4. Single circular chromosome 5. Unicellular 6. Simple life cycle; usually reproduce asexually 7. Kingdoms– include Eubacteria & Archaebacteria 8. Evolved 4 billion yrs. ago Eukaryote 1.True nucleus (enclosed in a membrane) 2. Size: 10-100 µm 3. Have membrane-bound organelles 4. Multiple complex chromosomes 5. Unicellular or Multicellular 6. Complex life cycle that includes mitosis & meiosis; usu. sex. repro. 7. Kingdoms– include Protists, Animals, Plants and Fungi 8. Evolved 2 bya See p. 472 Pili: used to attach to other cells Nucleoid: region where the cell’s DNA is located (NOT In a membrane) Ribosomes: organelles that synthesize proteins Cell membrane: Encloses the cytoplasm Cell wall: rigid structure outside the plasma membrane One circular chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium Figure 6.6 A, B 0.5 µm Flagella: used for locomotion (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) Parts of the Cell 3 main locations 1. Cell (plasma) membrane +/- cell wall 2. Nucleus (or nucleoid) 3. Cytoplasm (insides of the cell) 1. The cell membrane (next topic) Functions as a selective barrier by allowing movement of nutrients & waste in & out Outside of cell Carbohydrate side chain Inside of cell 0.1 µm (a) TEM of a plasma membrane. Phospholipids Proteins (b) Structure of the plasma membrane 2. The Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell The nucleus contains most of the genetic info <3.2 billion vs. 5 million (or 0.1%) nucleotide base pairs (A-T or C-G) in human cells vs. E. coli> The nuclear envelope w/ pores encloses the nucleus, separating its contents (nucleolus, chromatin) from the cytoplasm How are these cells different from the previous slide? Nucleoid region in a ___ karyote 3. CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES (“tiny organs”) A. Ribosomes=not membrane-bound Are particles made of ribosomal RNA & protein. All cells (pro and eukaryote) must have! The smallest and most numerous organelle. Weighing in at around 150,000 atoms, the ribosome is the engine of life itself, an intricate cellular gizmo that executes the last piece of how information goes from DNA to RNA to protein. The ribosome transforms mRNA into the proteins that brickby-biological-brick (= amino acids) build bacteria, birds, & biochemists. from HHMI Ribosomes: found in all cells because…. they act as protein factories (sites of protein synthesis). RER Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit TEM > Diagram of a ribosome 0.5 µm Small subunit B. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory continuous w/ nuclear envelope Two kinds: 1. Smooth ER (SER) that lacks ribosomes 2. Rough ER (RER) w/ ribosomes Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER ER lumen Ribosomes Transport vesicle Smooth ER Rough ER 200 µm The functions of Smooth ER include --synthesizing lipids (testes/ovaries) --detoxifying poisons (liver cells) SER in the liver Functions of Rough ER The RER Has bound ribosomes so it … Produces proteins for transport by vesicles to other parts of the cell like … C. The Golgi Apparatus: Receiving, Packaging, Shipping Center Receives the transport vesicles produced by the RER Looks like stack of flattened empty pancakes Function =modifies the products of RER Relationship betw. organelles of inner membrane system 1 Nuclear envelope is connected to RER, which is continuous with SER Nucleus Nuclear envelop Rough ER 2 Transport vesicles “blip” off of ER carrying contents to GA Smooth ER cis Golgi Golgi modifies molecules Lysosome containing enzymes Plasma membrane trans Golgi Transport vesicle carries proteins to cell membrane for secretion 1. Code travels from nucleus to RER 2. Ribosomes use code to make raw protein which then travels quickly thru ER 3. Goes to Golgi where it is modified 4. Transported to Cell membrane for secretion D. Vacuoles membrane-bound sacks in the cytoplasm = storage containers In plant cells (larger), they hold water & starch. In animal cells, they are like little ziploc baggies; storage containers for food, H2O & waste. Central Vacuoles Are found in plant cells to hold reserves of starch and water Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplast 5 µm Figure 6.15 What organism would have lots of these? E. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments Nucleus Membrane-bound sacs w/ hydrolytic enzymes + acid used to digest all kinds of macromolecules. Ex: amylase, pepsin 1 µm Lysosome Lysosome w/ hydrolytic enzymes Food vacuole Hydrolytic enzymes digest fuses with food particles into… lysosome Digestive enzymes Cell membrane Food vacuole Energy Converting Organelles F. Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes (a smooth outer & an inner folded membrane) Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Ribosomes Inner membrane Mitochondrial DNA Figure 6.17 100 µm Mitochondria Function: “burn” glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP Have their own ribosomes and DNA! What does that mean? The Mitochondrion “Thread Grainy” Mr. W has many of us guys in his running muscle cells! G. Plastids Found in plants and algae Contain pigments so they can photosynthesize 2 kinds 1.) Chloroplasts: Capture Light Energy Contain chlorophyll (“more like… borophyll”) Chloroplast Ribosomes Chloroplast DNA Inner &outer membranes 1 µm Chloroplasts Have two membranes Use light to convert CO2 & H2O into glucose Possess their own ribosomes & DNA! 2.)Chromoplasts contain other pigments Autumn leaves anyone? Non-membrane bound organelles H. Cytoskeleton=network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that supports + organizes structures and activities in the cell Microtubule Microfilaments 0.25 µm Figure 6.1 10 µm I. Centrioles Only in animal cells Centrosome Used for dividing the nucleus (mitosis) Microtubule Centrioles 0.25 µm Microtubules J. Cilia and Flagella Are locomotor appendages of some cells (protein extensions from the cell used for movement) A Cross-Section of a Cilium The Cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts 5 µm Cells rely on the integration of structures & organelles to function. Here a white blood cell needs what cell parts to recognize, ingest, and destroy the bacteria?