Download Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins
Proteins:
• Are organic compounds are made up of
what elements?
–Proteins are made up of C, H, O, N
and some with S
•Proteins are made up of long chains of the
repeating units/monomers called amino
acids.
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Different Amino Acid Structures
All amino acids are:
-organic compounds that contain both an amino
group and a carboxyl group
They are all distinguished by the attached R group.
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• There are 20 different types of amino
acids that make up all proteins.
10 are made by the body and 10
are “essential to humans” and
we must get them through our
diet daily
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Combining amino acids:
• The 20 amino acids combine in different
orders to make up 1000’s of types of
proteins found in all living organisms.
– Similar to the letters of the alphabet
• 26 different letters combine to make
500,000+ words
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Examples of foods rich in proteins:
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S-T-E-A-K
S E
T
S E K
T K
A
A
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Blood
Hair protein-keratin
Muscle protein
Skin protein-collagen
In other words…………….
You are what you eat!!!!!!!
Or this…………….
Your choice………………….
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How much protein should you eat/day?
Multiply your weight in pounds by 0.4 to estimate how
many grams of protein you need each day.
For example, a female who weighs 120 lbs would need
about 48 grams of protein (120 lbs x 0.4 = 48 grams).
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Food
Grams of protein
3 oz of tuna
22 grams
3 oz of hamburger
21 grams
3 oz of chicken
21 grams
1 cup yogurt
11 grams
2 Tbsp peanut butter
8 grams
1 cup of milk
8 grams
1 egg
7 grams
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Function of Proteins:
• Overall job of proteins is to:
–Build new cells
–Repair damages to our tissues and
cells
–Maintain our bodies
–Help digest our food
–Act as a catalyst and regulate all
cellular reactions
• Catalyst speeds up reactions
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Two types of proteins:
• Proteins can be divided into two main types:
1. Structural Proteins:
• They build and support our tissues
• Examples: Collagen…………………skin
Keratin……………………hair
Myosin………….human muscles
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• 2. Functional Proteins:
They perform specific functions within our bodies.
Example:
Enzymes…speed up chemical reactions like
digestion
Insulin….transports glucose into cells
Antibodies….destroy bacteria and viruses
Hemoglobin…transports oxygen to cells
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• Amino acids bond together into chains with peptide
bonds
lysine
• A type of covalent bond
Peptide
Bond
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Tripeptide
Polypetptide
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• Amino acids bond together in the correct order outlined
by our DNA code. When two amino acids bond together
with a peptide bond they give off a water molecule.
• What is the name of this process?
Dehydration
synthesis
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• All proteins have a very unique 3-D shape
– Examples: Antibody
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Example: Growth Hormone
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Example: Actin
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If 3-D shape is altered the protein will be damaged
and will not function correctly
.
Extreme cold to collagen…………Frost bite
Extreme heat to collagen…………3rd degree
burn
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Frying an egg:
Egg White:
10%
protein
Yolk:
15%
protein
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Levels of organization of a protein:
• 1st: Primary structure
• Linear in shape
• A specific chain of amino acids bonded in a
order according to DNA’s code
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One single change…
Amino Acid Sequence
Normal -Threonine – Proline – Glucine – Glucine
Sickle
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-Threonine– Proline – Valine - Glucine
• 2nd: Secondary Structure
• Chain acquires of specific orientation
– Coils
– Pleated
– Spiral
– Shape held in place with Hydrogen bonds.
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• 3rd: Tertiary Structure
– 3-D globular shape
– Each type of protein has its own 3-D shape
– If shape is altered the protein can not function
right.
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• 4th: Quaternary Structure
– This level is achieved when two protein
chains bond together to create a new protein.
Actin and myosin
making up human
muscle
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Enzymes:
-are complex proteins used as a catalyst
for all chemical reactions with our bodies.
-What are catalyst?
-any substance that speeds up or
slows down a chemical reaction
Enzymes control
every reaction
Enzymes are responsible for:
within our
-cell respiration
bodies.
-photosynthesis
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-Protein synthesis
-Digestion
Take the example of digestion:
Enzymes make the reaction of digestion
occur 1,000, 000 times faster than it would
without the enzymes.
Digest candy bar with enzymes….
20 min to 2 hours
Digest same candy bar without enzymes….
100 years
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Enzymes are substrate specific.
Substrates are substances
enzymes act upon like specific
types of food.
Enzymes are complex proteins.
Therefore enzymes have specific 3-D shapes.
For each substrate/substance there is only
one enzyme that can act upon it.
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Enzymes in the human alimentary canal
and what they digest:
Enzyme
Amylase
Maltase
Sucrase
Lipase
Protease / peptin
Substrate
Starch
Maltose
Sucrose
Lipids/Fats
Proteins
The name of enzymes end in the suffix “ASE”.
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Enzymes follow the lock and key hypothesis:
For every substrate
there is one and only
one enzyme that causes
that substrate to react
just like there is only
one specific key which
fits into a specific type
of lock.
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Let’s take a milk break…..
Lactase
Contains galactose and
lactose sugars
It’s a disaccharide
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Enzymes have:
-specific 3-D shapes
- called an active site
-point on the enzyme that “fits”
around the substrate
-site of where the chemical reaction
occurs.
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-Enzymes are not altered or used up during a
reaction.
-Enzymes can be used over and over again.
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Frostbite
How environmental factors affect
enzymes:
Denaturing of enzymes:
-Agents such as extreme heat or coldness
and strong acids and bases destroy the
functional properties of an enzyme by slightly
altering its shape.
-this is called the denaturing of the enzyme
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Coenzymes:
-Small organic molecules can bond to
the enzyme and increase the rate of its
function.
Examples:
vitamins and minerals
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Competitive Inhibitors:
-Molecules that bond to the
enzyme and block the active
site rendering it useless
for doing its real job.
Example: The drug marijuana
contains the chemical THC. THC
temporarily bonds to enzymes in
our brain cells causing them to not
function correctly thus causing the
temporary feeling of being “high”.
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WORD BANK
Amino acids, animals, Carbohydrates, Cell membrane, Cholesterol, DNA, Disaccharide, Egg yolk, Energy
storage, Enzymes, Fats, Fatty acid, Fructose, Glucose, Glycogen, Hemoglobin, Hormones, Insulin, Lactose,
Lipids, Monosaccharide, Nitrogen Base, Nucleotide, Nucleic Acids, Phosphate Group, Phospholipid, Plants,
Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Saturated, Starch, Steroids, Sucrose, Unsaturated, 4 rings of carbon, 5
carbon sugar
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