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Proteins Proteins: • Are organic compounds are made up of what elements? –Proteins are made up of C, H, O, N and some with S •Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units/monomers called amino acids. 4/30/2017 Different Amino Acid Structures All amino acids are: -organic compounds that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group They are all distinguished by the attached R group. 4/30/2017 • There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up all proteins. 10 are made by the body and 10 are “essential to humans” and we must get them through our diet daily 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 Combining amino acids: • The 20 amino acids combine in different orders to make up 1000’s of types of proteins found in all living organisms. – Similar to the letters of the alphabet • 26 different letters combine to make 500,000+ words 4/30/2017 Examples of foods rich in proteins: 4/30/2017 S-T-E-A-K S E T S E K T K A A 4/30/2017 Blood Hair protein-keratin Muscle protein Skin protein-collagen In other words……………. You are what you eat!!!!!!! Or this……………. Your choice…………………. 4/30/2017 How much protein should you eat/day? Multiply your weight in pounds by 0.4 to estimate how many grams of protein you need each day. For example, a female who weighs 120 lbs would need about 48 grams of protein (120 lbs x 0.4 = 48 grams). 4/30/2017 Food Grams of protein 3 oz of tuna 22 grams 3 oz of hamburger 21 grams 3 oz of chicken 21 grams 1 cup yogurt 11 grams 2 Tbsp peanut butter 8 grams 1 cup of milk 8 grams 1 egg 7 grams 4/30/2017 Function of Proteins: • Overall job of proteins is to: –Build new cells –Repair damages to our tissues and cells –Maintain our bodies –Help digest our food –Act as a catalyst and regulate all cellular reactions • Catalyst speeds up reactions 4/30/2017 Two types of proteins: • Proteins can be divided into two main types: 1. Structural Proteins: • They build and support our tissues • Examples: Collagen…………………skin Keratin……………………hair Myosin………….human muscles 4/30/2017 • 2. Functional Proteins: They perform specific functions within our bodies. Example: Enzymes…speed up chemical reactions like digestion Insulin….transports glucose into cells Antibodies….destroy bacteria and viruses Hemoglobin…transports oxygen to cells 4/30/2017 • Amino acids bond together into chains with peptide bonds lysine • A type of covalent bond Peptide Bond Amino acid Dipeptide Tripeptide Polypetptide 4/30/2017 • Amino acids bond together in the correct order outlined by our DNA code. When two amino acids bond together with a peptide bond they give off a water molecule. • What is the name of this process? Dehydration synthesis 4/30/2017 • All proteins have a very unique 3-D shape – Examples: Antibody 4/30/2017 Example: Growth Hormone 4/30/2017 Example: Actin 4/30/2017 If 3-D shape is altered the protein will be damaged and will not function correctly . Extreme cold to collagen…………Frost bite Extreme heat to collagen…………3rd degree burn 4/30/2017 Frying an egg: Egg White: 10% protein Yolk: 15% protein 4/30/2017 Levels of organization of a protein: • 1st: Primary structure • Linear in shape • A specific chain of amino acids bonded in a order according to DNA’s code 4/30/2017 One single change… Amino Acid Sequence Normal -Threonine – Proline – Glucine – Glucine Sickle 4/30/2017 -Threonine– Proline – Valine - Glucine • 2nd: Secondary Structure • Chain acquires of specific orientation – Coils – Pleated – Spiral – Shape held in place with Hydrogen bonds. 4/30/2017 • 3rd: Tertiary Structure – 3-D globular shape – Each type of protein has its own 3-D shape – If shape is altered the protein can not function right. 4/30/2017 • 4th: Quaternary Structure – This level is achieved when two protein chains bond together to create a new protein. Actin and myosin making up human muscle 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 Enzymes: -are complex proteins used as a catalyst for all chemical reactions with our bodies. -What are catalyst? -any substance that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction Enzymes control every reaction Enzymes are responsible for: within our -cell respiration bodies. -photosynthesis 4/30/2017 -Protein synthesis -Digestion Take the example of digestion: Enzymes make the reaction of digestion occur 1,000, 000 times faster than it would without the enzymes. Digest candy bar with enzymes…. 20 min to 2 hours Digest same candy bar without enzymes…. 100 years 4/30/2017 Enzymes are substrate specific. Substrates are substances enzymes act upon like specific types of food. Enzymes are complex proteins. Therefore enzymes have specific 3-D shapes. For each substrate/substance there is only one enzyme that can act upon it. 4/30/2017 Enzymes in the human alimentary canal and what they digest: Enzyme Amylase Maltase Sucrase Lipase Protease / peptin Substrate Starch Maltose Sucrose Lipids/Fats Proteins The name of enzymes end in the suffix “ASE”. 4/30/2017 Enzymes follow the lock and key hypothesis: For every substrate there is one and only one enzyme that causes that substrate to react just like there is only one specific key which fits into a specific type of lock. 4/30/2017 Let’s take a milk break….. Lactase Contains galactose and lactose sugars It’s a disaccharide 4/30/2017 Enzymes have: -specific 3-D shapes - called an active site -point on the enzyme that “fits” around the substrate -site of where the chemical reaction occurs. 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 -Enzymes are not altered or used up during a reaction. -Enzymes can be used over and over again. 4/30/2017 Frostbite How environmental factors affect enzymes: Denaturing of enzymes: -Agents such as extreme heat or coldness and strong acids and bases destroy the functional properties of an enzyme by slightly altering its shape. -this is called the denaturing of the enzyme 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 Coenzymes: -Small organic molecules can bond to the enzyme and increase the rate of its function. Examples: vitamins and minerals 4/30/2017 Competitive Inhibitors: -Molecules that bond to the enzyme and block the active site rendering it useless for doing its real job. Example: The drug marijuana contains the chemical THC. THC temporarily bonds to enzymes in our brain cells causing them to not function correctly thus causing the temporary feeling of being “high”. 4/30/2017 WORD BANK Amino acids, animals, Carbohydrates, Cell membrane, Cholesterol, DNA, Disaccharide, Egg yolk, Energy storage, Enzymes, Fats, Fatty acid, Fructose, Glucose, Glycogen, Hemoglobin, Hormones, Insulin, Lactose, Lipids, Monosaccharide, Nitrogen Base, Nucleotide, Nucleic Acids, Phosphate Group, Phospholipid, Plants, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Saturated, Starch, Steroids, Sucrose, Unsaturated, 4 rings of carbon, 5 carbon sugar 4/30/2017