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Gene Mutations A change in the DNA of a gene is called a mutation. Mutations in gametes can be passed on to offspring of the affected individual, but mutations in body cells affect only the individual in which they occur. Types of Gene Mutations: 1. substitution – one base replaces another 2. insertion – one or more extra bases are added 3. deletion – one or more bases are deleted Gene Mutations Base Insertion Insertions and deletions are called frameshift mutations because they shift the “reading frame” of the genetic content. For example: The fat cat ate the hat. Insertion: The afa tca tat eth eha t. The fat cat ate the hat. Deletion: The fat ata tet heh at. Effects of Mutations Most mutations have little or no effect, for example, a substitution may affect only a single amino acid and usually has no effect at all. Insertions and deletions which are frameshift mutations can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation and therefore can have dramatic effects on the organism. Some mutations produce beneficial variations that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment. Genetic material can be altered by: 1. natural or artificial events 2. environmental conditions 3. errors in replication 4. mutagens – chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations Are mutations always harmful? ►No! Some can be beneficial, or have no effect at all. ►Mutations that are harmful result in the production of different proteins. ►Mutations in gamete cells are passed on to offspring, therefore, they are more significant than a mutation that occurs in a body cell. Write the names of the amino acids that correspond to each mRNA sequence below. Asp -Try mRNA sequence: AAU-UGG _____________ Lys -Try mutation sequence: AAA-UGG _____________ Which type of mutation occurred? Substitution _______________ Will the mutation affect the organism? YES _______________ Write the names of the amino acids that correspond to each mRNA sequence below. Cys -Pro mRNA sequence: UGU-CCG _____________ Cys -Pro mutation sequence: UGU-CCC _____________ Which type of mutation occurred? Substitution _______________ Will the mutation affect the organism? NO _______________ Write the names of the amino acids that correspond to each mRNA sequence below. Val -Leu mRNA sequence: GUU-UUG _____________ Val -Val mutation sequence: GUU-GUU-G ___________ Which type of mutation occurred? Insertion _______________ Will the mutation affect the organism? YES _______________ Write the names of the amino acids that correspond to each mRNA sequence below. Gly -Ser mRNA sequence: GGC-UCC _____________ Gly mutation sequence: GGC_____________ Which type of mutation occurred? Deletion _______________ Will the mutation affect the organism? YES _______________